Nonfiction Reaction

repurchase by Langston Hughes Who give Light the scent When Mothers at rest(p)? By Andrew break off Nonfiction response University of Phoenix ENG/125 Jill Greene Nonfiction Reaction Salvation by Langston Hughes Langston Hughes, causation of the nonfictional prose goldbrick fiction Salvation, was born mob Mercer Langston Hughes on February 1, 1902 to Carrie and James Hughes in Joplin Missouri (New World Encyclopedia, 2008). Langston Hughes was among the principle figures of the Harlem Renaissance. He is a major influence to generators and poets of different races and creeds.His writings, inspired by the rhythms and language of the black church service and blues and jazz music of his era, send messages of equity, harmony, and unity. Hughes believed music to be the original expression of the black spirit. In Hughes nonfiction story, Salvation, he writes slightly his salvation from sin that was instead an abandonment of his belief in deliverer. The story begins with the revival at his Auntie Reeds church. Hughes was told When he becomes presentd he would see a light, and something would happen inside. saviour would come into his life and perfection would be with him from then on. He would be able to see, hear, and feel savior in his soul. Hughes, 1940, p. 351) During the revival that night the children were brought to the front of the church. At the end of the utterance the pr individuallyer asked the children enter the fold of Jesus and save their soles from sin. Some of the children went justly away. People of the church prayed for the other children until they went to the communion table. Hughes did non go because he was wait to see Jesus and the light. Hughes and Westley were the only children left. Westley became tired and went up to the altar to save his sole from sin. Hughes was still waiting to see the light and Jesus. The congregation keep to pray for Hughes.Hughes was waiting to see Jesus. Jesus never came. Hughes began to wonder wherefore he could not see Jesus and what would happen to Westley for taking Jesus name in vain and lying in the church. He eventually rose and went to the church alter to join the other children. The congregation began to welter with shouts of Amen. That night in bed he cried. His aunt thought his blatant was because the devoted Ghost had come into his life, and he had seen Jesus. He was crying because the Holy Ghost had not come into his life, he had not seen Jesus, and he could not tell her of his lies (Hughes, 1940, p. 352).He could not tell his aunt he no endless believes that there is a Jesus. In this nonfiction story Hughes uses ridicule to show that no matter how bad a person requirements something to happen, chances be that something may not happen. Hughes was told that he would see a light and Jesus. Jesus does not come. This causes Hughes to question his salvation and religion. Hughes has to give in to the painful loyalty that he would not see a light or Jesus . As the preacher sang of the ninety and nine safe in the fold, Langston could not help but believe he was the one little honey left out in the cold (Hughes, 1940, p. 51). This song was a similitude of the children to lambs. The children were lambs, innocent and with a need to be led to Jesus. Within this crapper Hughes and Westley were the strays that needed to be led back to the right path to Jesus. These boys came to the altar for the wrong reasons. Hughes demonstrates that temptation still exists, much handle the temptation of the orchard apple tree in Eden. Hughes gives in to the temptation of lying about seeing Jesus. This causes Hughes to doubt the existence of Jesus because he did not come to help him (Hughes, 1940, p. 352).This story reminds the reader of the pressure that adults stand unknowingly place on children. Who Will Light the scent When Mothers Gone? by Andrew Lam Andrew Lam, author of the nonfiction short story Who Will Light the Incense When Mothers Gone? was born in 1964 in to the south Vietnam. He came to the United States in 1975 at the age of 11. The nonfiction short story Who Will Light Incense When Mothers Gone? is about the liberation of old traditions. When Lams have turns 70, she and her infant wonder who will keep the tradition and light the incense to the defunct when each sister is dead.Their children have become Americanized and do not want to keep the tradition. Their grandchildren will not because they do not understand this tradition. The ladies get into that the ritual will end with them. The children, born in America, know zip fastener of their ancestors in Vietnam. The ritual consists of lighting joss sticks at the ancestral altar. Then talking to the ghosts and saying prayers to the animate of dead ancestors asking for protection. Lam uses imagery about the incense slowly burning and his mother mumbling indecipherably to dead heap to show how this tradition is old and nonsensical to him.Lams mother is a fraid that he has become too American. She believes that he has become a cowboy. A cowboy in Vietnamese estimation is a dissent who, as in the spaghetti westerns leaves townthe communal lifeto ride totally into the sunset (Lam, 2003, p. 1078). Lam uses metaphors, cowboy, to describe how his mother views him. Lam expresses his reverence to be left alone in the world when his mother leaves, but hesitates to register up her traditions. Lams mother wants her children to be Americans, to finish risque school, go to college, and receive employment in the field of study.She would also like them to keep Vietnamese traditions. Lam believes he and his mother live in two different worlds. His is a world of travel, writing, and public speaking hers is a world of consulting the Vietnamese horoscope, attending Buddhist temple on the mean solar day of her p arnts death anniversaries, and telling stories of the past (Lam, 2003, p. 1078). When Lam considers the traditions that will be lost, he has feelings of guilt. I wish I could assure my mother that, after she is gone, each morning I would light incense for her and all the ancestor spirits before her, but I cannot (Lam, 2003, p. 078). His mother and other Vietnamese mothers fall in him and his generation to the traditional past. When she is gone this will be lost. I fear shell leave me stranded in America, becoming more American than I expected, a lonely cowboy cursed with amnesia (Lam, 2003, p. 1078). Both of these stories, Salvation and Who Will Light Incense When Mothers Gone? are about loss. Hughes writes about the loss of his faith and Lam writes about the loss of his family tradition. I understand these feelings of loss. Traditions that my family did when I was younger, I no longer do as an adult.When gathering together with family and talk of these times, one begins to wonder why these times had to stop. Our lives have gone in different directions, and we no longer make time for extended family outings. Nonfi ction stories such as these acquire back memories to the readers. Everyone has a time when they have lost faith in something or questioned the loss of a family tradition. While reading these stories one can imagine themselves becoming a part of the story. Imagination is more expedient for the reader. I believe that imagination is already a part of nonfiction writings. The writer is using imagination while writing about the past.The writer has to imagine as he writes. References Hughes, L. (2011). Salvation. In S. Barnet, W. E. Cain, & W. Burto, Literature for composition Essays, stories, poems, and plays. (9th ed. , p. 351-352). Boston, MA Pearson. (Original work publish 1940). Lam, A. (2011). Who will light the incense when Mothers gone? In S. Barnet, W. E. Cain, & W. Burto, Literature for composition Essays, stories, poems, and plays. (9th ed. , p. 1077-1078). Boston, MA Pearson. (Original work published 2003). New world encyclopedia. (2008). Retrieved from http//www. newworlde ncyclopedia. org/entry/Langston_Hughes

Implementing Talent Development Strategies Essay

The organizations that are run the endowment fund instruction programs may soon begin to find the utmost quality people who can be able to lead and to do others in order to achieve the highest levels of performance and productivity in the organization. This meaning that identifying the organizational education culture for the organization, people and top performers of the organization pass on revolve a round down some factors that lead to the development of an all round business professional. (Davis and Cutt, 1988).These include strategizing market and product or the services, instilling the manufacturing get laid how to the people, educating people on the distribution channels, financing strategies among others. Educational issues cover umpteen issues such as cash and expense flow, position of the firms cash flow. The people undergoing the talent development will require get instructions from skilled staff members to make solid decisions and to understand the adept issue s that are involved.Education programs will include development of self consciousness knowl pass on, effective problem solving and having good interpersonal communication. (Davis and Cutt, 1988). Training In the organizations if internal training programs are necessary for talent development, they should therefore be updated regularly. The management should also review these programs to see that they are up to date.Again, functional in the training program should be a temporary shanghai by employees who are in need of improving their career skills by sharpening their technical as well as presentation skills. (Davis and Cutt, 1988). An organization that is implementing the talent implementation program is likely to receive problems and resistance. This is because young employees are much compositors cased with many problems sometimes that may come immediately afterwards they begin their careers. (Davis and Cutt, 1988).The first problem which involves being offered jobs that the y are not dexterous in. secondly, the firm may face the problem of too much visit which is caused by narrowing down of the career. In addition, the organization may face the problem of using techniques of talent development in order to cherish ones career especially towards the persons retirement. The above problems show that the development of new talents will stop if the firm fails to give appropriate conditions. This may be achieved through employee training. (Davis and Cutt, 1988).An OPD professional might help implement the strategies as well as address or resolve any problems or issues in the implementation of the talent program by making it nett to the organization the organizational requirements to maintain an organizations competitive edge and to ensure the survival of the organization. The professional may provide means of developing the organizations effectiveness. The professi9onal is required to understand the strategic goals of the organization and to translate thi s in to the daylight to day running of the organizational processes. (Davis and Cutt, 1988).

Enron and Corporate Ethics Essay

On December 2, 2001, Enron Corporation, then the seventh largest publicly traded confederation in the United States, declared bankruptcy. That bankruptcy saw thousands of Enron employees and shareholders losing their jobs and their investments. Enrons f whole sent shockwaves to all corners of the production line world. A Fortune cd comp all with all the appearances of stability and corporate soundness, the social clubs cut off was unthinkable. For here was a company who grew by leaps and bounds in so short a time a company who came from obscurity to study prominence as the worlds largest in terms of tax. and like anything else if it is too undecomposed to be true it probably is. inappropriate most bankruptcies which are caused by poor management and stiff competition, Enrons demise appears simple enough individual and collective voracity. It was shameless greed that motivated company officials to dupe thousands of honest individuals out of their hard take in money money that ran up to billions (Nakayama, 2002). The scam was unearthed just like any other scam when people start getting suspicious.Enron was generating a stool of revenues it was a smokescreen that allowed the company to attract more investors. While revenue generation was at record highs, hit was scant and minimal a fact many people overlooked until it was too late. Enrons mirage was merchandising the same things over and over and over again. The illusion was the company was generating this frequently gross sales but the reality was there was barely any profit made. Like everything else in hindsight, it is now recognise that tell tale signs were all over Enrons 2000 Annual Report.Still questions remain as to how a company that paraded its own engrave of Ethics be so shamelessly unethical, a corporation that prides itself as having a reputation for fairness and truthfulness be so downright ruthless, callous and arrogant. Beyond the dollars and cents, the Enron debacle offers a new textbook example of failed ethics in business (Berenbeim, 2002). ENRONs 2000 Annual Report Warning signs Most of the investigation on Enrons finances has focused on its balance sheetit describe an nonnatural increase in revenue Between 1996 and 2000, Enron reported an increase in sales from $13. billion to $100. 8 billion a 57% five-year sales growth rate.The company more than twind its reported sales surrounded by 1999 and 2000. Looking back then, this was a sign that the company appeared too good to be true. Before it declared bankruptcy, Enron said it was on track to double revenue again the adjacent year. Had it done so, it would have become the second-largest corporation in the world in terms of sales. According to Forbes. com, Enrons reported revenue was based on its exploitation of a loophole in accountancy rules a tactic that may have been legal, but few investors silent it (Ackman, 2002).Forbes. com goes on to say that Enron earned more than 90% of its reve nue from a business it calls wholesale services, Enrons euphemism for trading. Here is how its 2000 annual report describes that employment Enron builds wholesale businesses through the creation of networks involving selective asset ownership, contractual chafe to third-party assets and market-making activities. Yet again, another warning sign. Footnotes in the annual report for 2000, as well as show hints of the hidden debt that pushed the company into bankruptcy.According to Businessworld, a footnote on preferred stock indicates that if Enrons share price were to fall under $48. 55which first occurred on June 14the company would be compel to issue stock to a partnership called Whitewing Associates (Tergesen, A. 2002). Other footnotes reveal comparable arrangements. True, Enron never put a dollar value on its potential difference obligations, and the footnotes did not divulge the extent of the partnerships. But enough was revealed to suggest that investors were not getting a full view of the companys finances. Enron and its Code of EthicsEnron trumpeted its own Code of Ethics, but based upon investigation by the U. S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, it willfully and shamelessly violated the very grave it promised to upheld (U. S Subcommittee on Investigations, 2002). In its decision, the Subcommittee cited, among others, the following (1) Fiduciary Failure. The Enron panel of Directors failed to vindication Enron shareholders and contributed to the collapse of the seventh largest public company in the United States, by allowing Enron to occupy in high risk accounting, inappropriate conflict f interest transactions, extensive undisclosed off-the-books activities, and excessive executive honorarium.The Board witnessed many indications of questionable practices by Enron management over several years, but chose to rationalize them to the detriment of Enron shareholders, employees and business associates. (2) High Risk Accounting. Th e Enron Board of Directors knowingly allowed Enron to engage in high risk accounting practices (Thomas, 2002). (3) Inappropriate Conflicts of Interest. Despite clear conflicts of interest, the Enron Board of Directors approved an unprecedented arrangement allowing Enrons Chief financialOfficer to establish and operate the LJM private equity funds which transacted business with Enron and profited at Enrons expense. The Board exercised inadequate oversight of LJM transaction and compensation controls and failed to protect Enron shareholders from unfair dealing. (4) Extensive Undisclosed Off-The-Books Activity. The Enron Board of Directors knowingly allowed Enron to acquit billions of dollars in off-the-books activity to make its financial condition appear unwrap than it was and failed to ensure adequate public disclosure of material off-the-books liabilities that contributed to Enrons collapse. 5) unjustified Compensation.The Enron Board of Directors approved excessive compensatio n for company executives, failed to monitor the additive cash drain caused by Enrons 2000 annual bonus and slaying unit plans, and failed to monitor or halt abuse by Board Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Kenneth Lay of a company-financed, multi-million dollar, personalized credit line. (6) Lack of Independence. The independence of the Enron Board of Directors was compromised by financial ties among the company and certain Board members.The Board lso failed to ensure the independence of the companys auditor, allowing Andersen to provide internal audit and consulting services while component part as Enrons outside auditor. Conclusion While Enrons officials were caught and brought originally the bars of justice, many wonder how widespread the lack of corporate ethics is in the business world. Greed they say is universal. Who knows what will be the next Enron. As long as there are CEOs, CFOs who disregard the simplest institute of business decorum there will always be an Enr on paper. permits hope that people will not forget that story and profit from it.

India needs leadership Essay

India existence a strong elect pastoral doesnt rattling get a potentate. It whitethorn just lead to disruption. India is a cock-a-hoop nation. People live in harmony and be known for their unity. A dictator may non be able to maintain this. some people may again mis on a lower floorstand totalitarianism and may mobilize it defies the purpose of freedom. Dictatorship may bring very short end point modifications. A unpolished exacts a strong government. Dictatorship may introduce communal residuums depending on the community of the dictator. Human rights trick be certainly bypassed.It may lead to disorganization and malfunctioning of the police force and auberge system of the country. ForA dictator puke easily help us get rid of the dirt in politics. A very piddling community of people actually understands the implicateing of republic and codt pull in mis subroutine of it. For over decades, India is trying to get rid of poverty, may be, a dictator locow eed help in this aspect. A dictator can help the citizens realize the meaning of democracy and freedom. Whether a country has a dictator or not, freedom of speech and rights is what matters to any citizen. It is a myth that smaller countries usually need absolutism. We cannot forget the smaller country has the same gentleman race species with the same human rights as in an some opposite(prenominal) countries.Discussion boardthough Dictatorship may banish soil politics and corruption from india, I think that choosing is a dictator pull up stakes end the right to speak ability which evrey indian has peole may woolly democracy.. and ultimately dictatorship get out give born to another hitlar or gaddafi or saddam where human right is was snatched. So india go out be a heaven of silence. . India necessitate strong dictatorIndia doesnt need a dictator but, it certainly need a strong democratic alliance, which can take some tough decision on the problems which be rising in Indi a. India need a group of people who atomic number 18 not afraid to take some strict actions and go against the law if necessary to bring somefruitful result. For example bihar , UP etc. are under lots of terrorism so if thither is a estimable government which can take some measure to inhibit the corruption and terrorism then we dont require a dictator.Democracy should be above all the law, for example they should pass the LOKPAL which is being weared by democracy then lots of liaisons can be d nonpareil, but the government and the people in the parliament are not strong enough to see the viewpoint and not ready to make changes. India inevitably a strong dictatorThere are discordant opinions of one but do we really want to go the center east course? Do we really want another Gaddafi or Bashar amidst us? Democracy prevents wars from happening, promotes nThere are two kinds of reasons why India doesnt need a dictator strategic, and ethical. First strategic.Against-In a democr atic country like India, divided into various layers and clusters based on caste, religion, gender, region, ethnic and other basis, democracy is a great leveler because of two reasons all(prenominal) persons value is one (as a vote) and secondly, about(prenominal) people feel that they cook a stake in this system, particularly those who vote, and we keep up very last voting percentages across the world for democratic nations for our elections, particularThe only thing is whether they will justify it or like Thackeray, proudly say they did the wrong thing and ask others to challenge it if they dare to.When Indian people feel they fetch no stake in a system (they really wint mother a stake, because there is no MLA or MP they can go to in case the bureaucracy strikes at their rights), they will take to protest. A dictator will not allow non-violent protests most certainly, so they will take to violent protests someday. That will only mean violence and secession. Indias experie nce shows us that it is extension of democracy which solves our problems, be it in Mizoram or to an extent now in Assam, not dictatorship or army rule as seen in Kashmir.If India had a dictatorship earlier during the cartridge clip of independence, states like Tamil Nadu and Assam as well as North-East would have done all to secede somehow. Thankfully, because democracy was there and Nehru believedstrongly in it, we accommodated regional aspirations and that is why those issues were solved. And our issues can only be resolved in this way.Now ethical.I agree that a dictator can take decisions quickly, and democracy is always untidy, not just in India but in general anywhere. But development is nothing without equity, because development is for whom? Human beings. And it should be for all. Those who have no stake in much(prenominal)(prenominal) development will engage in violence sooner or later.ly at local and provincial levels.Once you introduce dictatorship, lets face it, the dictator will have a certain identity operator and do things as he/she likes. Indira Gandhi is a good example. Its good in theory to think of benignant dictators, but no dictator has ever been benign in the world, and no one can take on that someone will be a benign dictator.Even Manmohan Singh, the most soft-spoken of Indian politicians will not be a benign dictator, forget anyone else. Dictators will relish the index finger they have and soon use it to do wrongon aggression and freedom of expression. A country like India needs a democratic government which can work together as a unit to unite people around them which would in bring to help the country to develop. And its their right to have much(prenominal) stake, each humans right. So democracy will be messy when it takes into consideration every humans right in each and every development issue.But that equity in taking decisions is as much important as the decision itself. That is democracy. We have to accept it. It cant b e one man show or one party show. It has to be every person engaged in the decision. For-A resounding yesAs a common man i am ashamed to the stinking, shamelessly twisted ,grossly illogical and unimaginable twisting of democracy has taken this nation to. so called leaders who are better come to cleaning ditches are rolling on the dirt of corruption, greed and power with their deaths no where in sightOk lets VOTE for change sinfulness no Its voting for ONE dirty excuse of a human being or the Other filthy Bt-rdFools (no fools are decent) slaphappy excuse for the word fool who are barely biologically human & who cant even manage themselves are trying to manage(make it mismanage and loot) ministries and statesWhat India needs a strong and well minded dictator (No Idi-amins) who will redo the nation execute/exile for ever(a hidden secret Guantanamo bay) the corrupted-septic-infected politicians ranging from Kerala to Kashmir and rule wisely till India matures to be democracy or till no posterity of filthy politicians remain.What will it take to overcome India of its worst-in-the-world-corruption , its antique and grossly in legal government ,judiciary & worst of all politicians who still ravage the nation.Any such movement i am ready to participate as a true patriot to the nation.I CARE but i dont know how i can make a difference.we need a revolution and strong dictator (No maoists please)..Will there be a way ..is there a leader who we can support one among the clean poiticians who will have the gutshelp us plsIts a scream for help from a helpless citizen.looking for a way to liberate his fellow Indians from the satanical clutch India is in.help ushelp us help us patriots waiting to serve the nation For-Its been to a greater extent than sixty-five years since India achieved independence. The effort, toil, blood and passion of our respected freedom fighters gave us the India of today. It was their ultimate dream to craft a nation whose members were free and a n inherent part of the countrys decision making. The Indian democracy with its much detailed Constitution was a result of their dream. Sixty-five years on, India major power be free and those running the nation might be the elected representatives of the masses, but India continues to be plagued by the same old problems of poverty, economic inequality,illiteracy, population, general corruption and the same old socio-economic issues. It is perhaps the cartridge holder of an able, strong-minded, coercive dictator to take hold of the country and cleanse the entire system. Here is a look at 10 reasons why this might prove effective for the country- Dictatorship will breed development though truthful decision makingA dictator being the all powerful head of the state will face no resistor from other parties as in a democracy. He will thus have complete freedom to execute his decisions which might breed development. Better lock the variables of human development One of the bigges t examples is China (a Communist country) where the population has been brought under control by the government, through the one-child norm policy which is virtually unimaginable in the Indian democracy. Dictatorship is a more economic sanctuary In a country like India where poverty is a delaying problem, it is but a luxury to spend lakhs on a undivided election. Dictatorship is thus a far more economic institution. Dictatorships regimes can be a path for countries to move on from civil wars and cogitate on developmentChina can be used as an example yet again, as the country has been almost absolutely insulated from wars and terrorist attacks. Dictatorships have flexibility in economic policy that breeds growth Democracy can often stagnate economic development. An example is West Bengal where the Tata group could not establish their factory in Singur due to stiff resistance from the opposition party in the government. Dictatorship helps achieve social stability Yes it does. The eternal lasting and biggest economic miracles have occurred under dictatorships An example is Hitlers command in Germany. The Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, at a time when its economy was in total collapse, with ruinous war-reparation obligations and zero prospects for foreign investing or credit.Yet through an independent monetary policy of monarch butterfly credit and a full-employment public-works program, the Third Reich was able to turn a deflower Germany, stripped of overseas colonies it could exploit, into the strongest economy in Europe within tetrad years, even before armament spending began. Dictatorship breeds order In a country like India where law and order is disrupted time and again, dictatorship is definitely going to help out.Even in the twenty-first century Indian women are vulnerable and rape and molestation cases are reported throughout the country from upscale Delhi to the remotevillages of Burdwan. India needs a really strong leader who ca n make the country dear enough for our women to move around fearlessly, with their heads held high. Dictators have incentives to promote development and precipitate social differences A lot of readers might still be positive enough to feel that democracy will spell better days for India, but as a youth frustrated with the current space of my country I feel that we really need a change and dictatorship may just be the way out for a better, brighter India.

Insecurity in Nigeria

INSECURITY IN NIGERIA This essay is written to withstand discipline on the causes and solution to the in warrantor in Nigeria. From this, we see that it is expressly give tongue to in our Constitution that the disposal(s) is ultimately responsible for the security department of lives, property, etc of the people of Nigeria. home(a) security, or IS, is the mould of keeping peace within thebordersof a monarch acresor an some other(prenominal)self-g e trulywherening territories. This is done ordinaryly by upholding the bailiwicklawand defending against congenital security threats.Responsibility for inseparable security whitethorn range from practice of lawtopara arrayforces, and in exceptional circumstances, themilitaryitself. (Wikipedia) Threats to Internal security Threats to the general peace may range from low-altitude accomplished disorder, large scale furiousness, or even an armedinsurgency. Threats to internal security may be enjoin at either the states citizens, or the organs and infrastructure ofthe stateitself, and may range from pettycrime, unspoiledorganized crime, political or industrial unrest, or even domestic helpterrorism.Foreign powers may also act as a threat to internal security, by either committing or sponsoring terrorism orrebellion, without actu in all(prenominal)ydeclaring war. Forces and Agencies governanceal responsibility for internal security will generally rest with an interior ministry, as opposed to adefense ministry. Depending on the state, a states internal security will be maintained by either the nondescriptpolice or law enforcementagencies or more militarized police forces (kat oncen asGendarmerie).Other specialized internal security agencies may exist to cast up these main forces, frequently(prenominal) asborder guards,special police units, or aspects of the statesList of intelligence agencies. In some states, internal security may be the primary responsibility of asecret police force. The train of authorized force used by agencies and forces responsible for maintaining internal security might range from unarmedpoliceto fully armed paramilitary forceorganizations, or employ some level ofless-lethal weaponryin between.For fiery berths, internal security forces may contain some element of military type equipment such asnon-military armored vehicles. But enough of definitions and insinuations. What we argon talking about is non merely petty crimes, armed robberies, etc, solely terrorism and assailings, armed insurgency, e. g. the Niger Delta line, which seemed to control died down a bit of recent, subsequently all the hullabaloo of Amnesty, Jos socialal/religious killings, Boko Haram massacres and bombings in capital of Nigeria, Maiduguri and other blue cities, etc.What every Nigerian should be doing is asking and demanding answers on what has been done so far since October 1st, 2010 Independence Day Twin Bombing in Abuja FCT. Not to mention numerous bombings in Maidugur i, Bauchi and Adamawa. Mind you, these atomic number 18 not the first instances of such peril. Insecurity has been with us probably since we became a Republic, plainly we decided to turn blind eyes to it. When the CIA key out of 2005 predicted the collapse of Nigeria in about 15 years time, patriots and critics alike reacted several(predicate)ly to the report.For me, as oftentimes as I wanted to dismiss it, something kept niggling my principal that this might be a true prophetic scrutiny of the state of Nigeria. Not because the CIA is dependable in its security analysis, subsequently all, they didnt get it counterbalance to prevent 9/11 2001 from adventure, that events in Nigeria seemed to suggest that period other countries in the sub-region were break outing, Nigeria was retrogressing despite its claim to democracy.People expected the past Government of Obasanjo to take this warning as a chance for Nigeria to look inwards, utilise with the report, and work on those predictive indices that could lead to the predicted unsuccessful person. But, inopportunely, the Obasanjo boldness dismissed the report in its totality. In a way, the dismissal is not entirely a surprise, since our leading, over the years, are prone to such habits of shielding the truth from their people, not caring as long as it does not happen in their time are actually very ignorant of what is going on around them, and are obstinate and tyrannical in their record.The up-to-date general state of insecurity in Nigeria has now lent weight to the report. It mustiness be recalled that while the report was released at the advent of the so-called Niger Delta crisis, since then several acts of bombings and killings by the extremist Islamic sect, Boko Haram, the carnage between ethnic Birom and the Hausa/Fulani in Jos, and the political violence that followed immediately after the 2011 Elections results, mostly in the northern part of the clownish, defecate further cemented the insecure state of the country.Starting with the customary religious/ethnic oriented fightings, to the Jos ethnic/religious/political conflict of 2008, regrettably, the northern states call for shown that security of persons and properties is still far from being realizable. However, the current crisis which started in Bauchi and has engulfed other states in the north has elements of theocratic opinionated ambitions in it. While the fundamentalist group Boko Harams demand for the jettisoning of a western behavioral pattern and the impo stupefyion of strict Sharia law disregard be described as absurd to say the to the lowest degree, we should equally view it with all the seriousness it deserves.What the current trend of violence is imprinting on the brainpower of Nigerians is that the government security apparatus is incapable of guaranteeing the safety and security of its people. This would, on that pointfore, intrusion on the general gentleman security of the people as the billet promotes fear, while at the same time limiting the peoples ability to develop economically. At the same time, the states capacity to decoy investors becomes limited as a result of the insecurity.For instance, states like Enugu and Bauchi that ingest huge tourism potential would be losing out on this front On different terrorist attacks, listen to what leaders with political will had to say On 9/11 This is an act of war against the United States. Well hunt down the terrorists. They can run however they cant hide George Bush London Bombing Well track down the terrorists and lend them to justice Tony Blair UN House Bombing Terrorism is a global phenomenon. whitethorn be it is Nigerias turn. Goodluck Jonathan So what our supreme leader is saying is that, why not, its our turn to start getting blown up.How much more should we expect? That shows you the depth of intelligence and care of our leaders. Security was a effort issue in the last Presidential campaign follow ing bomb blast by Niger Delta militants and attacks of police by members of the extremist Islamic group, Boko Haram in the northern part of the country. President Jonathan campaigned very hard to convince Nigerians that his government was meeting those security challenges. But the rioting, mostly in the North, that followed immediately after his election raised inviteions, which are still unanswered, about security preparedness.At least 800 people were said to have been killed in these Muslim-Christian electoral violence. As president, it is my fearful duty to defend the constitution of this country. That includes the obligation to protect the lives and properties of every Nigerian wherever they choose to live, he said Challenges Proposed Solutions Mr. President should acknowledge the failure of the security agencies hence there should be a complete fall of the Security Agencies in the county to pre-empt these security br apiecees. In particular, the failure of the intelligence serve to contain the recurring security br all(prenominal)es.The spate of bombings has once more brought to spot the deal for a Sovereign field of study Conference. Until these structural distortions and anomalies are overlayed, the goliath of insecurity will loom large and Nigeria will once more be listed as a terrorist nation. Mr. President has to act fatally to ladder his Office, and this can be come acrossd by implementing the anti-terrorism law and punish culprits of such monstrous crimes capable of causing instability in the nation. This will vitiate the effectuation of Mr. Presidents transformational agenda.The long-term effect is that the on-going terrorism will discourage potential investors in Nigeria. At the speed Nigeria is deteriorating, there is a strong desire for aSOVEREIGN NATIONAL CONFERENCEso that all ethnic caseitiescan pull in their stand knownthis amalgamated country. The way forward is for us to keep laying emphasis on the motivating for the evolu tion of half-dozen regions. The federation should stay but let every region prepare at its own yard. The Western region has clearly set thepace going by the result of thelast election.All the Western states voted massively for the effect Congress party (ACN), a party thatis not sufficientlydifferentin programmes from the Action Party of Chief Obafemi Awolowo. Each region should have their own police Force. MOPOL and Interpolcould be transformed into the only Federal natural law crack elite team. The rest members of the police force should be dismembered and directed to return to their regions. It isthe duty of the regions to now retrain, equip and pay them. Second, the judiciary is not helping matters at all. This institutionis heavilycompounding our problems.It has got to really sit up. Cases of subversive activity are notmeant to be compromised at all, let unaccompanied adjourning them endlessly. The judiciary ought to have, at this stage in our development, evolved time sc alesfor cases. Thereought to have beena time to determine a case time to closedown that case and time to deliverjudgment and pass sentences. In Nigeria, cases that trouble on corruption and insecurity have most often been compromised olibanum the law is no longer acting as a deterrent. What is happening in Jos is too gory to narrate.The endless killing going on in that city has made the demand for regional governmentt more pertinent. The country cannot just continue to toe the line of extinction. Most Nigeriansdo not value human lives. They debase them. Mosthave become well-educated to act of carnages, brigandage, looting, massacre,butchery and bestiality. Thirdly, the Federal government should always be decisive on issues that bother on insecurity. We have never had strong leaders. From Shagari to Yar Adua and now to Jonathan, what we have heard were leaders handpicked and imposed on the people.We have over the years been denied leaders that would bring us out of the woods. Fir st were Awo in 1979 and, controversially, Abiola in 1993. We have never had it so bad. OBJ was an imposition by the northern oligarchy. Corruption was commonplace under OBJ. Now under Jonathan, what we have is intertwined corruption and insecurity. Ethnic and the foregoing problems and criminal activities individually and collectively create insecurity and breach of the peace that are likely to or indeed light upon legitimate kindly and economic activities in the country.These problems also have the very damaging consequence of giving the signal to the rest of the inter depicted object corporation that Nigeria is not a safe and secure place and as such not suitable for economic investment and activities. This is particularly important in view of the efforts being made to create the desired atmosphere to attract foreign investment. Beyond the effects of security concerns on the economic fortunes of the country, the nature of the security challenges facing the country also have im plications for the countrys political system of rules.As mentioned earlier, social cohesion among various groups and interests is important in the process of national political development. Therefore, the constituent parts of the country must be and indeed looking that they are being carried along in the process of national governance. welcome has shown that widespread discontent and loss of confidence in the system have ways of affecting national political stability. Invariably continuing escalation of violence and crises across the country will impinge on the survival of our democracy.Accordingly, there is the challenge to rethink and improve on policy and institutional nub of dealing with security concerns arising in the country. At the political level, the federal, state and topical anaesthetic governments should evolve programmes of cultural and political education and orientation that seek to place the fundamentals of democracy so that the political contestants as well a s the generality of the citizens imbibe principles and practices essential for sustainable democracy.Such programmes must also address specific tendencies that create security breach and concerns in the country. In addition, a process of legislative and constitutional review should be initiated to assess the countrys constitution and amend or expunge as necessary areas that have been found to give rise to conflicts and security problems. The process should also introduce young provisions and legislations that will ensure better and more effective interplay of interests among all groups and stakeholders in Nigeria.Such exercise should also embrace ways of making the countrys classless space more open, free, fair and tolerant as exists in other democracies around the world. Among specific lingering political issues that should be addressed are the laws relating to political parties and their activities the establishment, funding and activities of the electoral body topical anaesth etic and state government relationship allocation of national resources and revenue citizenship even outs devolution of security powers to states and local governments.In addition, the legislative and constitutional review should also embody security firmament reforms that will make the security agencies and institutions more effective in combating crimes and other threats to national security and make them accountable to the democratic political system and structures. These democratic structures include the states and local governments. I believe that we need to give a more concrete understanding to the definition of governors as the promontory security officers of the state.In all, what we need is a good government, no more no less. And a good government is possible in as much as people who are put in positions of authority are allowed and are committed to discharge their duties without fear or favors are stubborn to serve with zeal and patriotism are not ready to move out to international capital and are ready to stand by the truth and die for it.In all, there is no mono cultural theory that is a cure-all to the diverse nature of insecurity in Nigeria but I believed and stand by the theory that Nigeria should evolve into six regions, each region having its Premier or Governor, each region has a right to retain its states or to abolish- the choice is theirs in the region to make each region should be in charge of its Education,Security, Health, Agriculture, Housing, Transport and Energy policies.The primaeval Government should be in charge of the Army, Central Bank, Customs, Prisons and Immigration services, MOPOL and Interpol, altogether WORKING at the same time IN THE INTEREST OF THE COUNTRY. The objections to this Soveriegn National Conference are coming significantly from the core north unbeknownst to the people from that region that the fallout from that conference would sufficiently be in their favour. Pessimism is a social disease but in a ca ller of rights, it is rightInsecurity in NigeriaINSECURITY IN NIGERIA Underlying the quest for national security in Nigeria is the issue of political morality, which focuses on the hesitancy of defining the relationship between the state and the various groups in the fellowship. semipolitical morality properly construed seeks to establish and sustain the essential conditions for the smooth performance of the state and society. It is in this light that we identify the problem of the moral tail end of Nigerias security to be a vital imperative of national reconciliation, national survival and national development in the new millennium.Our mental testing of the moral foundations of national security is all the more significant when we strain the trend of events in the history of military and economic growth in Nigeria, especially under the erstwhile military regimes of Abacha and Babangida. This essay is particularly bear on with showing the pattern of ethical degeneration that led to the systematic and send corroding of personal and collective peace, safety, stability and harmony within the Nigerian society.Also, the need for an examination of the ethical basis of human social organism in Nigeria is further eminentlighted by president Obasanjo (1999 8) who 245National Security, Social Order in the October 1999 national day speech emphasized that there is a need to examine the moral foundations of all our actions and to continue to search for the conditions that will make Nigeria a just, free and wealthy society. Obasanjosstatement clearly implies that the country is yet to achieve the much desired level of ethical conduct and respect for human dignity that can ensure the maintenance of security, peace and order in the society.Indeed, the history of Nigeria shows that the practice of genuine moral conduct and the guarantee of fitting personal and national security for all segments of the society has been an illusive and visionary project. An examinat ion of the spectrum of national life reveals the incidence of corruption in high and low places, conflicts and confusion in various communities and regions, greed and selfishness as the point principles of human social interaction, as well as a situation of pervasive lawlessness in the conduct of daily life .As aconfirmation of the problem of national security in Nigeria the Nigerian Bar Association NBA has give tongue to that there is increasing national decay and insecurity, which is seen in the regressing economy, unviable hospital facilities and wellness services, lack of good pipe borne water, transportation and fuel problems that have overwhelmed the society (Nwankpa 2000 8). We may also add that the problem of national security is seen in the increasing situation of lawlessness, violence and criminality that have become endemic disease in the nation.The evidence of the dismal state national security is seen in what Onyegbula (2000 24) describes as the diminishing standard of living and the deteriorating social infrastructures and educational system. For instance, the roads, refineries,hospitals and schools have not been functioning at their optimum levels. More so, the existence of a poorly trained police force, has compelled the abdication of the security of lives and property of Nigerians to the ethnic militia groups and other dubious civil defense and vigilante associations.Together, these civil and institutional security agencies and groups participate in the institutionalized brutalization, extortion and repression of the people. Thus, our argument is that the erosion of both the dignity of the human person and the sanctity of the social order, has ensured that the establishment of genuine national security in the nation has not been adequately guaranteed.More importantly, the earlier approaches, which have been adopted in the attempt to provide national security in Nigeria, have not been successful. Hence, there is a need to seek a new approach to the resolution of the problem of national security in Nigeria and a good point to start the news is to attempt a conceptual analysis of social order as a prelude to the examination of national security. Oham Ugochukwu This day Journalist OHAM UGOCHUKWU course 10 ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Jeffersonian Republicans vs. Federalists

In regards to the united States constitution, Jeffersonian Republicans energise been known as stiff constructionists who had a narrow interpretation of the constitution following it to an extreme power. This was in opposition to the Federalists who had often followed a bounteous construction policy. And to a indisputable extent, the characterization of twain(prenominal) of these parties was for the most part accurate during the presidencies of both doubting Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Though these parties stay pretty line up to popular beliefs, with Jeffersonian Republicans being tight and Federalists being justify, at time this was proven to be in fact false.Thomas Jefferson and the Jeffersonian Republicans had become widely known as a strict constructionists even prior to the election of Jefferson. This is shown in a letter that Jefferson wrote to his colleague, and future cabinet member Gideon Granger which shows his true arrest for power to the states (Doc A. ) The letter states his strong feelings against the power that the federal govern workforcet held beca engross he was fearful that if the federal government gained similarly much power and the states had too little power, then we would around be creating a monarchy in the United States like Great Britain had d adept.An otherwise prime example of his ideas of stronger state governments were stated in his letter to Samuel Miller in 1808 (Doc B. ) Jefferson firmly conceptualised that he had no melodic phrase in involving himself with religious activities as president as the Constitution had do no mention of such activities and therefore followed his strict construction belief by delegating those powers to the states. However, though Jefferson was a man who was mostly stuck to his principles of strict construction, there were often times were he would abandon his beliefs for what he believed was break out for the nation.A prime example of such was during the Louisiana Purchase. Je fferson had to make the final annunciate on whether or not to take this giant mass of domain of a function and double the size of the United States, though he searchd one major problem. Nowhere in the constitution did it state that Jefferson could solely leverage land for the country without consent, which forced him loosely interpret the constitution and use the elastic clause because this was believed to be necessary and proper for the nation.During Madisons presidency, he also was able to outwit to his principles of Jeffersonian Republicanism to a reliable extent. In 1817, James Madison had addressed Congress following his vetoing of an native Improvements Bill due to his interprets of strict construction (Doc H. ) He believed that though this batting order would in both(prenominal) respects help the country, the president was not stipulation direct consent by the constitution to create roads and canals and pull wires commerce.His belief in strict construction had forc ed him to make the supreme decision of vetoing the bill. Henceforth, though Jefferson and Madison did mostly follow closely to the beliefs that Jeffersonian Republican fellowship were founded on, they did not fully carry them out with some actions not corresponding to the initial ideals. The Jeffersonian Republican party was not the only party that had to wiggle their way around their initial ideas as the Federalist party was also partially facing difficulties at times.In 1814, when Congress was discussing a conscription bill that would enforce a drawing off of all men into the army, Daniel Webster (federalist) had violated his loose construction policy in an effort to deal this bill (Doc D. ) Webster had argued that nowhere in the constitution was it stated that a draft could be created and if such a law was passed, Congress would also have the power to create a dictator as well.Though he did believe in the idea that all Americans followed that went against a dictatorship, he a bandoned his federalist ideas of loose construction in order to avoid a draft, even though it may have been necessary and proper. Federalists were also having troubles in their party when they publically made their troubles clear during the Hartford Convention in 1815 (Doc E. ) Federalists had almost clearly trashed their party ideas and sided with the Jeffersonian Republicans when in m some(prenominal) of their remarks they had called for a fatigued rudimentary government.For example, when the Embargo Act was destroying the American economy, the Federalists wanted to take past power from Congress by creating an amendment which would take away all embargos and any trade with any foreign country without a two-thirds majority of both houses. Usually they would be against this as they believed in a strong central government, but they completely contradicted themselves at the Hartford Convention making no progress and eventually the downfall of the Federalist party.Therefore, the Fed eralists had an extremely hard time staying true to their own ideals. The Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans had developed a polar opposite view of the constitution and government. One had devoted their views to strong state government and the other to strong central government. Jeffersonian Republicans (led by Jefferson and Madison), though wanting to stick to their ideas, faced much adversity when wanting to remain strict constructionists.Yet fortunately for them they proved the characterization of their party to be for the most part accurate. The Federalists did face much more problems as they would often contradict themselves and abandon their policies of loose constructions as shown during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison. It is almost impossible to follow a partys principles to an extreme extent, as seen by both parties, so it is necessary for both to adjust to find a balance that would ultimately benefit the mess of the nation.

Han China and Gupta India Essay

Han chinaware differed from Gupta India politically, developing a unanimous bureaucratic system eyepatch India allowed local rulers to stay in control, just now the Guptas focused more on trade and make more intellectual achievements than China, especially in mathematics. They established empires that were lucky, but also distinct in their own ways. Although these two nuances were notably different politically, economically, and intellectually, both were successful in bringing prosperity to their empires. During the Han dynasty, China successfully improved its bureaucracy, but in India local rulers maintained regional control.Indias territory never grew to be as large as Chinas, so different forms of giving medication were needed for each civilization. Han China retained the centralized government form by the Qin, and expanded the bureaucracy. The bureaucratic system suited China, because it was able to jump the civilization as it expanded into a large empire. The emperor Wu Ti created civil service examinations for his bureaucrats, which could be taken by any male. Wu Ti also urged Confucianism in order to gain support, as it urged respect for the government.On the other hand, India lacked an extensive bureaucracy, and local rulers were allowed to keep control as desire as they remained loyal to Gupta authority. Because of its separated regions, it was very difficult to politically combine India. Similar to China, the Gupta rulers turned to religion to strengthen support for the government. In differentiate to China, they favored Hinduism because they claimed to be appointed by Hindu gods. Additionally, Hinduism encouraged the rigid caste system. The empires were also similar because political power was given to landowners.Although the Gupta goal is considered the golden age of India, providing its greatest period of political stability, it never true the solid bureaucracy that Han China did. Although trade is vital to any civilizations success, India emphasized trade far more than China did. Chinas economy focused on extensive internal trade, while India developed more maritime trade. Trade gradually became more classical during the Han dynasty, focusing on luxury items for the upper class such as silks, leather, and jewelry. Internal trade was made easier by the standardization of currency and circulation of crap coins.Han rulers expanded the empire, which allowed trade with more places. Some merchants even took profitable trips to India. hitherto though they were important, trade and the merchant class did not become the focal points of Chinese economy. This was cod to the emphasis on Confucianism, which frowned upon a life attached to moneymaking. On the other hand, the Guptas established a untroubled economy. It was partly base on technological sophistication, new inventions, and production. For example, Indian artisans were the first to manufacture cotton fiber cloth, calico, and cashmere.In these areas, Indi a and China were rivaling, but the Indias economy became more vigorous. merchandiser activity was greater in India than in China, with merchants at a relatively high caste status. They traveled by land, and also by sea, change magnitude maritime trade. Han China and Gupta Indias economies can be compared as heavily agricultural, both relying on a large peasant class, organized into reconciling close-knit villages. Han rulers regulated agricultural supplies by storing extra grain and strain in good times, preventing price increases when harvests were bad.The Gupta period in India was known for its wealth, which was due to extensive trading both internally and by sea, as distant to Han Chinas economy, which relied more on technological innovations. The Hans and Guptas both made many important intellectual achievements, but there was more schoolman success in India, especially in mathematics. The Chinese studied astronomy, shrewd the movement of planets, as well as observing su nspots. During the Han dynasty, scientists invented a seismograph to history earthquakes. In addition, they actively enquiryed medicine, studying principles of hygiene that would support longer lives.Generally, the Chinese focused their studies on practical findings, such as discovering how things worked. They studied the mathematics of music that led to advances in acoustics. Like China, Indian scientists also progressed in astronomy and medicine. Many astronomical discoveries were made, such as the calculation of the solar year, the circumference and daily rotation of Earth, a theory of gravity, and the discovery of septet planets. In medicine, hospitals also stressed cleanliness, like China. India surpassed China in numeric discoveries. Scholars created a numbering system and the concepts of zero and negative numbers.Mathematicians also metric square roots and a more accurate value of pi. These advances in both civilizations were possible because of support from the governmen t. In China, the government sponsored intellectual life, organizing research in astronomy. The Guptas had a vast university center in Nalanda featuring lecture halls, libraries, and an observatory. This back up the new discoveries that were being made. Both civilizations made important intellectual achievements that were modernistic by world standards, but Gupta India especially excelled in mathematics. The Han and Gupta dynasties were both successful periods in China and India.Their success was due to different causes, because their societies were very conflicting each other. Chinas government centered on its strong bureaucracy developed during the Han dynasty, while India never advanced a dainty bureaucratic system. Both civilizations had strong economies, but India focused more on over-sea trade than China did. Also, Gupta India made more intellectual achievements particularly in science and mathematics. The Han and Gupta periods were similar in some ways, but their civilizat ions showed distinct differences politically, economically, and intellectually.

Indudtrialisation, Class & Culture: The Early Victorians Essay

Dorothy Thompson was born on 9 July 1893 in Lancaster, New York, to a Methodist pastor and his wife. Her m otherwise died when she was eight years old. She was sent in 1908 to relatives in Chicago, as a result of her frequent disagree custodyts with her stepmother. (Dorothy Thompson (1893-1961)). In 1914, Thompson gradational from Syracuse University, after which she joined the wo workforces suffrage movement. In 1917, she move to New York and started a c atomic number 18er as a journalist. (Dorothy Thompson (1893-1961)). She tried to go her career in Ger gayy, beginning in 1920. After five years, she already headed the Berlin bureau of the New York Post and the Public light-emitting diodeger. However, in 1934, she was forced to plagiarize Germany due to her negative writings some Adolph Hitler and the Nazis. Thereafter, she returned to America to write policy-making editorials and commentaries. As a prominent journalist, she was considered one of the around influential wom en in America. She was also the most syndicated woman journalist in the country. She wrote many policy-making articles, mainly relating to the Nazis, but she also wrote about womens issues, since she wrote a periodic column for the Ladies Home Journal entitled On the Record. (Dorothy Thompson (1893-1961)). One of the commentaries Thompson wrote concerning women was her persuasion about women in the twee age. According to her, women at that time were considered and inured as extracurricularrs in society. This paper sh both examine the validity of her ending by looking at the historical and societal eveningts during the straitlaced period, particularly those relating to the case of women in all aspects of twee life. victorian Theory The starting confidential information of this inquiry could be the perception of those who lived in the Victorian term of matters relating to awake and sexuality. Scholars believe that theories relating to sex and sexuality were unavoidable issues for the Victorians. (Lee). The primary impression about men and women of the Victorian age is that they are pedantic and sexually repressed. However, this popular view has been constantly questioned and even challenged through historical accounts. (Lee). This matter, however, is non the most significant aspect of Victorian theory of sex and sexuality that is applicable to Thompsons confidences.The more(prenominal) important question involves the determination of the interposition of men and women in Victorian society. More particularly, it is important to know the initiation of much(prenominal) treatment. Victorian men and women were generally not regarded as equals. act as force were seen as superior to women and as a consequence of this perception, women were delegated g overnment agencys of less importance in society while men as wellk on the more important ones. Victorian Theorists Spencer and Geddes Herbert Spencer and Patrick Geddes were the leading theorists in the Victorian Age who probed the issue of sexuality and sex differentiation.They immediately took notice of the differences in physical and physiological aspects of men and women. deviation from this, they saw in men and women two different sets of attributes, which formed the land of their stereotypical dyadic model based on the two sexes. (Lee). Led by these two, Victorian theorists divided the sphere of men and women into two, and delegated certain tasks to men and women, based on their perceived differences. It is believed that the differences in their attributes began form the earlier forms of life. (Lee). The babery of this division of sphere was the belief that men and women had different energy levels.Men were considered as the active agents, while women were considered sedentary. To men were attributed the katabolic nature of temperament, which office they release energy, while to women were attributed the anabolic nature of temperament, which nurtured energy. (Le e). The Division of Spheres and its Biological insane asylum The division of spheres between men and women in the Victorian Age is earlier based on biological grounds. It was believed that mens role in the firm is unless when fertilization, which leaves him free to do other, more energy-consuming activities, such(prenominal) as hunting or foraging.More all over, it was believed that plainly men had the capacity for abstract reasoning, a sign of highly-evolved life. (Lee). On the other hand, women were constantly seen in the home encrust by biological occurrences, such as pregnancy and menstruation. This led to the intuitive feeling that women were still and weak, that they can no longer pursue other activities outside the home. It should be noted that at this point in time, menstruation was believed to be a time of womans illness, debilitation, and temporary insanity. Thus, women were told to stay home to save her energy, while men were allowed to pursue other activities outside the home.Geddes theories were more sweeping. He claimed that not only did men get greater l cooking and energy than women, they also had greater independence and courage. It was apparent that Geddes found this assumption unfair to women, and so he attributed certain characteristics to them. However, these attributes were still of a municipal nature namely, constancy of affection and sympathetic imagination. While men were addicted the attribute of intelligence, women were limited to the gift of rapid intuition. In addition, women were given static attributes such as great patience, open-mindedness, and a keen appreciation of perspicacious details.(Lee). The Family Claim Jane Addams discussed another, more degrading pattern found in the lives of women in the Victorian Age. She called it the family claim. (Life for Women). According to Addams, Victorian women were considered as unblemished possessions by their families. Men were initially given the same regard, but such treatment waned by the end of the 18th century. (Life for Women). This notion of the family claim was grounded on many reasons, the foremost of which is the role of Victorian women in the home.To women were delegated most, if not all, of the housework, such as cleaning, cooking and aiding ailing people. Another factor that underlies the family claim is the womens role in birth and child rearing. She is the one seen as obligated for carrying a child in her womb, and the one responsible for caring for the infant after the latter was born. Women were also responsible for birth carry, such that unknowledgeable pregnancy can be blamed to tem and not to the men. (Life for Women). Finally, women at the time did not have money-making occupations, as their main activities were domestic.Hence, the control of the family over women, who were seen as dependents on the men for support, was considerably great. (Life for Women). Womens commerce and Education As gleaned from the above discu ssion, women lived in a state that is only a tad better than slaves. Since only men were seen as capacitated to work for a living, most, if not all, women had no independent means of subsistence. This leaves women with no other better choice than to come after the men. Moreover, women were not allowed to follow any occupation, as such is not part of their duties, which all belong in the home.These situations are based on even more fundamental difference in treatment. Only boys were allowed access to universities and then women received less education than boys. This modify the problem of women concerning employment and independent means of living. (Womens positioning in Mid 19th atomic number 6 England A drawing Overview). espousal The world of marriage was another factor that contributed to the unpleasant treatment of women in the Victorian Age. The thought of marriage during the period was fraught with many notions and beliefs about women and their role and society.Most o f these notions were negative and demeaning, and had no other function than to emphasize the higher(prenominal) position occupied by the husband in the home hierarchy. (Womens Status in Mid 19th Century England A apprise Overview). Since women had no opportunity to earn a living independently during the Victorian Age, most had no choice but to marry someone who could raise such necessities for her. Moreover, women who expressed their desire to remain unmarried were not regarded favourably and were condemned to social disapproval. (Womens Status in Mid 19th Century England A sketch Overview).This primary motivation for women to marry in the Victorian age was due to their lack of sufficient education. Women were only taught domestic duties and were go away uneducated in other, more important aspects of life. Moreover, women were told at such a young age that they have to marry someday, as their future roles would only be as wives. (Womens Issues Then and Now). The situation gets even worse after a woman gets married. Everything that she owns, including herself, becomes spot of the husband. This means that the man can do anything to the woman without her express harmonize.The man is also clear by law to exercise complete control and dominion over his wifes body. The marriage contract contains a vow to obey her husband. Thus, a married woman has no choice but to obey her husband and allow him access to her body if he wants the same. (Womens Status in Mid 19th Century England A Brief Overview). Marriage was an instrument by which women experienced great degradation. They were non-entities in all aspects of life, peculiarly in law. Women were, under the law, legally incompetent and irresponsible. Thus, they cannot act except where their husbands gave their consent thereto.In addition, they were afforded neither legal rights nor personal property. (Women in the Victorian Age). Marriage was also an instrument for the further strengthening of the notion tha t women were mere objects or chattels, owned by their husbands. Thus, under the law, a husband and wife are one person, and the husband is that person. Only husbands had the right to act, women were mere passive actors in Victorian society. (Women in the Victorian Age). The unfortunate creation of women during this period was dramatically described by Florence Fenwick Miller in 1890, thusUnder exclusively man-made laws women have been reduced to the most sorrowful condition of legal slavery in which it is possible for human beings to be held under the arbitrary domination of anothers will, and dependent for justly treatment exclusively on the goodness of heart of the individual master. (Womens Status in Mid 19th Century England A Brief Overview). The Deviant View of Victorian Women Amidst the prevalent view of women as slaves or property of men or their families, there is a rather maverick notion of women during the Victorian Age.This notion placed women on a stand and treated them as goddesses. They were even worshipped in some accounts. This concept of women was reflected primarily in Victorian novels, movies and television shows. (Womens Status in Mid 19th Century England A Brief Overview). However, this notion is too much of a contradiction to the real state of affairs in the Victorian Age. The real situation consisted of the different treatment between men and women, particularly as to their rights, duties, education and occupation. Personal ViewpointThis writer agrees with the assertion of Dorothy Thompson that women were treated as outsiders during the Victorian Age. Having seen the disadvantaged position of women from that period, such conclusion is inescapable. Women were not allowed to participate in relevant affairs because they were seen as the weaker sex. notwithstanding proof that they are able to take on great responsibilities and that they possess intelligence as much as men, Victorian society did not see them fit to acquire sufficient education to equip them with skills to earn independent living.Women had been the pillars of the Victorian home, but they were degraded by placing them under the control and supervision of their husbands or their families. Worse, women had been treated inhumanely, as they were regarded as chattels or property for the longest time. Men and women were divided into two spheres, despite the lack of basis to do so aside from mere physical makeup and slanting social conclusions. Men were seen as the active actors while women were seen as the passive actors. These attributes were ascribed to men and women, despite the fortitude manifested by women in performing all the duties assigned to her by society.Given all these, it is easy to agree to the offer that men had been considered as mere outsiders in Victorian society, next only to men who were the ones who enjoyed preferential status, with all the benefits appurtenant thereto. Works Cited Dorothy Thompson (1893-1961). Eleanor Roosevelt National past Site. 11 Dec. 2006 . Late Victorian England. 10 Dec. 2006 . Lee, Elizabeth. Victorian Theories of Sex and Sexuality. 1997. 10 Dec. 2006 . Life for Women. 10 Dec. 2006 . Queen Victoria and Victorian England the Young Queen. 10 Dec. 2006 . Women in the Victorian Age. 10 Dec. 2006 . Womens Issues Then and Now. 11 Dec. 2006 . Womens Status in Mid 19th Century England A Brief Overview. 11 Dec. 2006 .

Public speaking: A vital skill for teachers Essay

I have a dream a diction by Martin Luther King that united a nation and broke down racial barriers. Without Kings leadership and inspirational legal transfer it may have taken an extra 10 years to set ashore equality to all in all races. Hitlers many speeches were delivered with extreme passion and caused arguably one of the most horrific genocides of all time. Throughout history state-supported speaking has united people and caused great change, both for the better and worse. popular speaking is authorised, in history and in life. It is a bouncy attainment in many disciplines. However nowhere more prominent than education. state-supported speaking in education is how pedagogs actuate, read and take on pupils. Good macrocosm speaking skills sack enhance confidence, intercourse skills, help demonstrate beaten(prenominal)ity and improve everyday image.Public speaking usually consists of three main components including preparation, optic support and non- verbal c ommunication.How well these three main components ar demonstrated or used drive out be the difference mingled with a great influential educator who can inspire and teach students and a class that will not pay attention and a teacher who cannot engage. Preparation is key in presenting a well judgment out, impressive presentation. To an educator preparation is vital. Preparation usually consists of the following elements audience, research, rhetorical mix and rehearsal. Elisabeth G areis in Guidelines for Public Speaking expresses the importance of tailoring to the audience. Gareis (2006) states that at all times during the process of preparing and delivering a speech, we need to keep in mind that we are speaking to an audience and not clean to ourselves (pp.3). For an educator it is crucial to know the students and the curriculum so that the information and how the information is delivered is adapt to the unique(predicate) class. The audience is key and public speaking is all some prosecute the audience whether it be a class of grade ones, students in high school or even work colleagues.Regardless if the role is to persuade, argue or entertain without the audiences attention the cognitive essence is lost. To avoid the loss of the inwardness and to keep the audience engaged it is vital to know the target audience. Know the students or colleagues ideals, the classes diversity, the beliefs and expectations (Nash, 2013). Knowing the audience can help incorporate what the audience expects and the purpose of the presentation or lesson to concord together effectively. However knowing the audience or class is single half the battle as public speaking or training is pointless without something to say. Educators rely on credible sources to teach students about specific subjects. Research is the pecker teachers most comm just use to find relevant, reliable, donnish sources that support and explain the specific disciplines taught to the class. Research is important in creating a well thought out, well developed lesson in which can be tested by an academic criteria. Subsequently research is important in backing up the three most arguably important aspects to engage students. Logos, Ethos and Pathos recognise up the rhetorical mix developed by Aristotle.Aristotle argued that the presence of Logos, Ethos and Pathos is vital in creating a persuasive speech (Nash, 2013, pp 154-155). Logos the appeal to logic, Ethos the appeal to credibility and Pathos the appeal to emotion (Eunson,2012 as cited in Nash, 2013) are all equally important to engineer in a persuasive argument. Addressing all three aspects of a rhetorical mix is an effective way to create an engaging presentation that come abouts its message in a way the audience or students can estimable under al-Qaida. Rehearsal is the final stage of preparation that brings all aspects of the presentation or lesson together (Scudder.V, 2009). Rehearsal is an effective way to make sure all details of a presentation are in order to business office at the highest possible quality. Rehearsal is key to creating a professional intimacy environment for the students and a credible name for the Teacher.Subsequently rehearsal is overly the best place to make sure all visual and sound aid aspects are in working order so a professional learning environment can be maintained and students attention do not weary (Scudder.V, 2009). optic aids provide a further aspect to any presentation. Images, videos, handouts, posters and power points are all included as a form of visual aid. Visual aids can be used as a tool to engage students and complement content. However Visual aids especially exemplifying aids such as power point images and video clips, should be used sparingly only to emphasis or explain the lessons content (Wright, J. 2009). Jane Wright explains in The role of computer software in presenting information that delivering a presentation with both audio and visual st imuli can affect the descend of information retained by the audience.Thus for educators it is important to tailor to the lesson only using visual or audio aids necessary to communicate the required information. Consequently gestures and actions can be just as engaging as a picture therefore just as very much emphasis should be placed on non-verbal communication as visual or audio aids. Non- verbal communication includes all form of communication aside from the content said aloud. Non- verbal communication suggests everything from what you wear to how you stand can communicate a message to your audience (Nash, 2013). To educators this is especially important as students pay attention to how a teacher looks and acts. Non-verbal communication is controlling for imparting knowledge to students and maintaining their attention. Stance, eye contact, gestures and paralinguistics can all communicate confidence, knowledge and enthusiasm. Students are more likely to listen to a teacher dre ssed(p) professional, making eye contact, moving around the room and placing emphasis on key areas with gestures and volume than a slouched over,monotone teacher who could not make the effort to iron their shirt.Non- verbal communication can be just as important if not more important than visual aids. As using honesty and enthusiasm as well as good communication skills to engage students is much more effective for educators to communicate the desired content (Wright, J. 2009) Public speaking is extremely important for an educator. Students Listen to Teachers who inspire them and who communicate their ideas, knowledge or lesson effectively. If a teacher cannot communicate with students thence they cannot be a Teacher. Therefore it is vital for an educator to become familiar and to master the key areas of becoming a great influential, engaging public speaker. Preparation, Visual aids and Non-Verbal communication if used correctly are what can make any speech or lesson memorable. Cons equently teachers need to be aware that public speaking is a day to day rite and mastering it is what can change a teacher to an inspiring mentor who engages their students.Reference ListBandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall. Nash, G. (2013). A guide to university assessment. QLD, Australia John Wiley & Sons. Section 5 pp. 158-184.Scudder.V (2009). G Sound check off How to avoid presentation dangers. October, p. 10 Wright, J. (2009). The role of computer software in presenting information presentation software is used frequently to disseminate ideas in visual forms that can be understood easily. Jane wright asks whether senior nurses should develop their skills in rhetoric instead. 16 (4), 3034. Elisabeth Gareis Guidelines for public speaking, pp. 3-4

Mnc and Foreign Direct Investment in Malaysia Essay

multinational Corporations (MNCs) and abroad grade Investment (FDIs) in Malaysia all over the Past Decade A Detailed Look at their determinants, Patterns and Effects. 1.1 Multinational Corporation and Foreign Direct Investment in Malaysia Primarily, Multinational Corporations or too cognise as MNC is defined as a steadfast that has an extensive involvement in international barter, owning or positive facilities in some(prenominal)(prenominal) different countries sepa regularise than its home country. In different words, wet or group that derives a quarter of its r counterbalanceue from operations impertinent of its home country is considered as a MNC. Typically, these types of companies adjudge offices or factories in different countries and continents, but they are controlled by a centralized gunpoint office that is responsible for the coordination of the global management. For much(prenominal) companies, the expansion and penetration into outside(prenominal) mark et place kindle commonly be achieved via exporting, licensing, roast venture and as just as opposed direct coronation.Foreign direct investment funds or excessively called as FDI is a term that is commonly and closely linked to MNC and it is exposit as an investment made by a familiarity or entity that is establish on country into a company or entity based in an early(a) country. In order for a quick or corporation to become multinational, they must first acquire a controlling stake in extraneous firm. This can be achieved by rawly creating a foreign firm (international Greenfield investment), acquiring an existing foreign firm through international merger and acquisition and overly through joint ventures. In precipitates of FDI into a host country greatly affect the overall teaching of its economy receiv competent to the fact that FDI provides external source of great, management skills, new technologies and also communication channel opportunities. Since Malaysi a first opened its door to FDI in the advance(prenominal) 1960s, Malaysia has been receiving a steady arrival of MNC from around the world (Bernama 2012), including from Asian countries and as kick upstairs as European countries and the United States. Malaysian Industrial add Authority (MIDA), suck in account that much(prenominal) than 4000 foreign international companies bring in set their presence in Malaysia as their offshore base (MIDA, 2009).Among the MNC that acquit the presence in Malaysia are Dell, Intel, Shell, GlaxoSmith Kline (GSK), Schlumberger and umpteen others. Besides the roof city of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, other states that have prosperedly curl up MNCs and investors include Penang and Johor Bahru. harmonize to era Magazine, in the manufacturing industry, Penang isfeatured as among the preferred destinations for MNCs due to several factors such(prenominal) as logistics and geo interprety. This is also in line with the Federal Government beginning(a ) to develop Penang into the third metropolis in the country, after Klang Valley and Johor Bahru. 1.2 Determinant As menti whizzd before, from the term Malaysia undergone into the transformation from an agricultural-based nation to manufacturing- answer based nation and from the rise of its door to FDI, the number of MNC present in Malaysia has shown an increase pattern.According to parley channel Times (2012) Malaysia has emerged as the fifth most popular destination for FDI in Asia in the class 2011, with an increase of 31.5 per cent from 2010 to US$11.97 (RM 37.83 billion). At 44 per cent, manufacturing arena continued to be the study contributor to FDI inflows, followed by service sphere of influence (35 per cent), mining and quarrying (20.1 per cent), and also forestry and fishing at 0.3 percent (Business Times 2012). Malaysia is also screening a positive outlook as the Economist Corporate Net pees Asia Business Outlook value 2012 have shown that half of the 500 mult inational companies were planning to increase their investment in Malaysia in the year of 2012. The survey done also revealed that in the aspect of investment priorities for those MNCs, Malaysia is like a shot ranking at number seven-spot out of 12 Asian countries, while in terms of market draw outiveness for the purpose of production and manufacturing Malaysia is ranking at number four. on that point are definitely several determinants that resulted in such development. One of the major factors that attracted investors to Malaysia would be the commitment by the government to sustain a business setting that provides companies with the opportunities for growth and profits (Iskandar Malaysia 2012). The commitment is reflected in the governments continuous efforts to obtain feedback from the business community through channels of mention like regular government-private sector dialogues. Such dialogues allow for give the discordant business communities the opportunity to voice out their views and at the same time to contribute towards the formulation of government policies which concern them. Additionally, Malaysian government has also been very proactive in attracting foreign investment into Malaysia through several policy reforms such as the Investment Incentives Act 1968 that was then repealed and replaced by The Promotion of Investment Act 1986 (PIA 1986).There are three chief(prenominal) incentives covered under this Act, namely Pioneer Status, InvestmentTax gross profit and Infrastructure Allowance (KPMG 2005). Pioneer status incentives provide full or partial exemption from the payment of income tax, whereas Investment Tax Allowance provides company with an allowance based on qualifying capital expenditure incurred. In similar manner, Infrastructure Allowance is granted to companies resident in Malaysia which has incurred capital expenditure on infrastructure in respect of business in operation in a promoted area. The introduction of this Act furthe r encourages investment activities in this country, especially in manufacturing industries and it has resulted in the increased number of foreign investors coming into Malaysia.This is shown in the vast increased of share of foreign proposed capital investment in the approved manufacturing project from 19% in 1984 to 64% in 1992. Besides the presidential term of Free Trade Zone, the introduction of more liberal incentives under PIA 1986 that allows greatr percentage of foreign fair-mindedness ownership in enterprise is also one of the determinants that draw large inflow of FDI into Malaysia. In addition to the government incentives, there are also various policies formulated by the government with the aim to further intensify the attractiveness of Malaysia as the go-to location for FDI. In 2011, several key initiatives have been implemented which comprise of Economic Transformation Program (ETP) and the 10th Malaysia computer program (10MP). These policies lay down the foundati on for the countrys transformation into a senior high income economy, as foreseen in the New Economic Model (NEM).With this implementation, Malaysia continues to be a cost belligerent location that has been fitted to proficiently attract project with significant level of investment (MIDA 2011). Apart from the policy factors, other factors that attract FDI and MNC are the well-developed infrastructure of Malaysia that is aimed to serve the business community. According to solid ground Investment Report of 2008, MNCs usually invest in countries that have well established network of transportation as well as communication facilities (Alex, et. all 2010). Malaysia undoubtedly fulfill the needs of logistic and communication at bottom its boundary particularly in the Peninsula of Malaysia. These well maintained PLUS highways is an payoff to industries as it link major city centers to seaports and airports throughout the peninsula, thus providing an in effect(p) and effective means of transportation for goods.Complementary to these highways, a Kuala Lumpur-Bangkok-Kuala Lumpur containerized service that is known as the AseanRail Express (ARX) has been initiated with the aim of expanding it to become Trans-Asia Rail attach that will comprise of Singapore, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and ending up in China (Iskandar Malaysia 2012). In addition to that, the five international airports and seven international seaports definitely ramp up Malaysia an ideal springboard to the Asia Pacific Market (Trade Chakra 2009). As for communication, subsequent to the successful privatization of its Telecommunication department, Malaysias telecommunication network has come a want way with the latest digital and fiber optics technology being utilized to provide supreme quality telecommunication service at matched price. Other than the determinant discussed above, another major factor that attract FDI into Malaysia is the good environment and the political stability of t his country (Har et. all 2008).Despite the several crises that arose recently, Malaysia political environment is still considered as relatively steadfast in comparison to other countries such as Thailand. Sound environment and stable political environment have attracted many foreign investors to invest in Malaysia because with such stable condition, investors and MNCs will face fewer problem and they will be able to run their business more conveniently and efficiently. According to Ajami and Ricks (1981), the political stability of a country has a positive strike on FDI because political stability is vital in creating a humour of confidence for investor. Bernama (2007) have also reported that the presence of MNCs especially those that have set up regional operating headquarters is a pick out of their strong confidence in the strength of the countrys political and economic system. 1.3 Pattern of FDI in Malaysia *Source United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) O ver the past decades, Malaysia has been received lots of Foreign Direct Investment(FDI).The flow has reached its peak in 1988 to 1993 and started to decrease after 1996 due to Asian Financial Crisis as well as world dish out recession that hit Malaysia apart from other countries. From the graph above, the pattern of FDI flow into Malaysia from year 2000 to 2011 can be observed. It shows that the inflow is inconsistent and fluctuates randomly. However, in overall, Malaysia has attracted a steady inflow of net FDI in the recent decade, averaging 3% of gross interior(prenominal) product per annum with a peak of 4.5% of GDP in 2007(Har, et. al., 2008). According to UNCTADs orb Investment Prospects & Survey, 2011-2013, Malaysia has been ranked as one ofthe top host economies for FDI in 2011-2013. In year 2001, the figures for FDI is much lower compare to the other years due to global trend and collapsed of technology bubble and it increases back in year 2002(The Star Newpaper, 25 Mar ch 2010). And this trend once again can be seen during 2009, where the FDI has relatively declined greatly from 2008 because lack of confidence from the foreign investors due to global financial crisis in 2008 and 2009 as mentioned by the important Economist RAM Holdings Bhd Dr Yeah Kim Leng(The Star Newspaper, 25 March 2010) and further dampened by the contraction of Malaysias export activities.During 2009, although the government tries to promote and attract more investors by promoting more freedom to the investors, it still did not work out. The FDI dropped by 81% which is from US$7.3bil in 2008 to US$1.4bil in 2009. Whereas from year 2006 to 2008, the FDI in Malaysia is much higher than those previous years because during this period, activities like MNEs mergers and acquisitions, establishment of joint ventures and other new investment activities took place which attract more investors to invest in Malaysia. After the crisis in year 2009, the Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) ha s increased tremendously in year 2010 with most FDI originated from Asian countries. *Sources department of Statistics Malaysia One the reason that led to the FDI increment in 2010 was the purchasing activities of US$1billion worth of stake from a local company by the phoner from Republic of Korea.During the period of 2006-2009, there are 3 sectors or industries that rule the FDI received namely the manufacturing, services and oil and gas sectors. establish on the infra chart, comparing with all the industries in Malaysia, manufacturing industries shows a highest figures or add of FDI received and followed by a service sector etc(NST business Times,6th July 2012). And correspond to Bank Negara annual report, 41% of the FDI received were found in the manufacturing sector whereas services and oil and gas both received 37% and 17% respectively. *Adopted from CEIC *Sources Department of Statistics Malaysia Last year, among all the states in Malaysia, Penang has received the high est descend of FDI which exceeded the other states followed by Sarawak(Shazwan Mustafa Kamal,2011). From below data, Selangor has contributed most GDP since year 2000 until 2009.And it were reported that most of the GDP were contributed from the non-local company, showing thatthere has been high foreign investment within that state. However, in 2011, Penang has showed an improvement in attracting FDI by surpassing Selangor in receiving FDI and maintain in the top list for 2 years since 2010. (more graph in the appendix) 1.4 Effects of FDI on Malaysia. Over the years, there are many impacts of Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) towards Malaysia in many aspects. One of the distinct set up of FDI on Malaysia is the growth of the countrys economy ever since mid-nineties especially in the manufacturing sector like petroleum, chemical industries and etc by increasing the domesticated capital. Hence, the production capacity also increases and further leads to economic growth. This later(pr enominal) creates a favorable investment environment that could help in attracting other investment from other investors and further increase the FDI into the country.According to Krugman and Obstfeld (1994), FDI functions as one way to bridge an inter-temporal gap of capital demand and supply, and, like other capital inflows, increases the production frontier of developing countries, which normally suffer a shortage of capital. The economic growth in Malaysia can be seen through the growth of its GDP as shown in the below graph. Malaysias GDP seems to be steadily increased in year 2005-2007 where the FDI is high and declined in year 2009 where the global financial crisis affected Malaysia. From the perspective of usage in Malaysia, the FDI inflow by the Multinational Companies has caused an increase in the domestic booking rate. More job opportunities were created and offered to the citizens in Malaysia especially in the manufacturing sector due to the economy expansion in Malays ia. The beat of living of Malaysians is now getting better and better.This can be observed in below data During the year 2007, when the growth rate for Malaysia is the highest, there is less unemployment, showing that there have been more job opportunities that lead to better employment rate. And when the employment rate increase, the standard of living also increased among Malaysian. Based on the graph above, the rate for unemployment in year 2009 is the highest. This is when the growth rate in Malaysia is the lowest. People are losing job due to less job opportunities and bad economy during that period. According to rector in the Prime Ministers Department Tan Sri Nor Mohd Yakcop, 3.3millions of job opportunities has arisen in 2011 after the implementation of the Economic Transformation Programme that hasbeen used to attract foreign investors(Raina Ng, 23 September 2011).Apart from that, FDI has been an important vehicle in exaltationring many aspects such as new technologies, m anagement and production skills and knowledge. There has been an improvement on the level of skills and knowledge amongst the employees in Malaysia and our local entrepreneurs. When the multinational company brings in their expertise to Malaysia, indirectly Malaysian will be able to describe some skills and knowledge from the foreigners through training or hands-on nurture and improve on their technical capabilities. Employees in Malaysia are more discover to high technologies and efficiencies in managing the companys management.Thus, this allows them to produce products that are competitive enough to compete in the international arena. And workers also are able to increase the production capacity by adapting the new technologies into the production exhibit and this further led to increase the growth in GDP in Malaysia. Looking at previous year in 1990s where FDI started to increase in Malaysia, there has been a major improvement in the Malaysias export performance if compare to year 1980s with less FDI even up until now.Since Multinational Companies(MNC) has present in many international market, indeed FDI from this organizations is consider as a potential source in transfer process of managerial knowledge, skills as well as new technologies that able to help in better production efficiencies and be competitive in the international arena in terms of pricing and quality of the products. The domestic firms can either obtain the nurture on the MNCs directly or indirectly to improve their production. The leakage of this information is known as the spillovers and it can occur directly or indirectly. Once the domestic exporters have obtained the information regarding the international market, then they can produce accordingly to the international standard and increase the exports.