3 Most Common Reasons Women Have an Abortion

For some, its an inconceivable act, but for others, abortion seems to be the only way out of an unplanned pregnancy and an impossible-to-negotiate future. Numbers show that nearly one in four U.S. women will choose to have an abortion before age 45. According to the Guttmacher Institute, a handful of studies over the years have indicated consistently similar answers from women who identify why theyve chosen to have an abortion. The top three reasons these women cite for not being able to continue their pregnancies and give birth are: Negative impact on the mothers lifeFinancial instabilityRelationship problems/unwillingness to be a single mother What is the rationale behind these reasons that would lead a woman to terminate a pregnancy? What are the challenges and situations women face that make giving birth and raising a newborn an impossible task?   Negative Impact on the Mothers Life Taken at face value, this reason may sound selfish. But a pregnancy that occurs in the wrong place at the wrong time can have a lifelong impact on a womans ability to raise a family and earn a living. Less than half of teens who become teen mothers before age 18 graduate from high school. College students who become pregnant and give birth are also much less likely to complete their education than their peers. Employed single women who become pregnant face an interruption of their jobs and careers. This impacts their earning ability and may make them unable to raise a child on their own. For women who already have other children at home or are caring for aging relatives, the reduction in income resulting from pregnancy and subsequent birth may bring them below the poverty level and require them to seek public assistance. Financial Instability Whether shes a student in high school, paying her way through college, or a single woman earning just enough to live independently, many expectant mothers lack the resources to cover the staggeringly high costs associated with pregnancy, birth, and childrearing, especially if they do not have health insurance. Saving for a baby is one thing, but an unplanned pregnancy places an enormous financial burden on a woman who cannot afford to care for an infant, let alone pay for the necessary OB/GYN visits that will ensure healthy fetal development. Lack of adequate medical care during pregnancy places the newborn at a higher risk for complications during birth and in early infancy. The cost of average hospital birth is approximate $8,000 and prenatal care provided by a physician can cost between $1,500 and $3,000. For the nearly 50 million Americans who do not have insurance, this would mean an out-of-pocket expense of $10,000. Thats if things go well and if its a single, healthy birth. Problems from pre-eclampsia to  premature birth  can send costs spiraling. If those births are included in the average, a birth can cost well over $50,000. According to a 2013 study published by advocacy group Childbirth Connection and reported in  The Guardian, the U.S. is the most expensive place in the world to have a birth.   That figure, coupled with the cost of raising a child from infancy through age 17 (estimated at over $200,000 per child), makes giving birth a terrifying proposition for someone who is still in school, or lacks a steady income, or simply does not have the financial resources to continue a pregnancy with adequate medical care and give birth to a healthy baby. Fear of Being a Single Mother The majority of women with unplanned pregnancies do not live with their partners or have committed relationships. These women realize that in all likelihood they will be raising their child as a single mother. Many are unwilling to take this big step due to the reasons described above: interruption of education or career, insufficient financial resources, or inability to care for an infant due to caregiving needs of other children or family members. Even in situations involving women cohabitating with their partners, the outlook for unmarried women as single mothers in discouraging. Among women in their 20s living with their partners at the time of birth, one-third ended their relationships within two years. Other Most Common Reasons for Abortion Although these are not the primary reasons women choose abortion, the following statements reflect concerns that play a role in influencing women to terminate their pregnancies: I dont want more children or Im done with childrearing.Im not ready to become a mother or not ready for another child.I dont want others to know about my pregnancy or that Im having sex.My husband/partner wants me to have an abortion.There are problems with the health of the fetus.There are problems with my own health.My parents want me to have an abortion. Combined with those reasons previously cited, these secondary concerns often convince women that abortion — albeit a difficult and painful choice — is the best decision for them at this time in their lives. Reasons for Abortion, the Statistics In a study released by the Guttmacher Institute in 2005, women were asked to provide reasons why they chose to have an abortion. Multiple responses were permissible. Of those who gave at least one reason: 89 percent gave at least two72 percent gave at least three Nearly three-quarters said they could not afford to have a baby. Of those women who gave two or more answers, the most common response —inability to afford a baby — was most frequently followed by one of three other reasons: pregnancy/birth/baby would interfere with school or employment.reluctant to be a single mother or experiencing relationship problems.done with childbearing or already have other children/dependents. Women specified these reasons that led to their abortion decision  (percentage total will not add up to 100, as multiple answers were permissible): 74 percent felt having a baby would dramatically change my life (which includes interrupting education, interfering with job and career, and/or concern over other children or dependents).73 percent felt they cant afford a baby now (due to various reasons such as being unmarried, being a student, inability to afford childcare or basic needs of life, etc.).48 percent dont want to be a single mother or [were] having relationship problem[s].38 percent have completed [their] childbearing.32 percent were not ready for a(nother) child.25 percent dont want people to know I had sex or got pregnant.22 percent dont feel mature enough to raise a(nother) child.14 percent felt their husband or partner wants me to have an abortion.13 percent said there were possible problems affecting the health of the fetus.12 percent said there were physical problems with my health.6 percent felt their parents want me to have an abortion.1 percent said they were a victim of rape.0.5 percent became pregnant as a r esult of incest. Sources Finer, Lawrence B. Reasons U.S. Women Have Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives., Lori F. Frohwirth, Lindsay A. Dauphinee, et al., Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 37(3):110–118, The Guttmacher Institute, 2005. Glenza, Jessica. Why does it cost $32,093 just to give birth in America? The Guardian, January 16, 2018. Jones, Rachel K. Population Group Abortion Rates and Lifetime Incidence of Abortion: United States, 2008–2014. Jenna Jerman, The Guttmacher Institute, October 19, 2017. Wind, Rebecca. Why Do Women Have Abortions? The Guttmacher Institute, September 6, 2005.

Local Disaster Risk Reduction Management - 8884 Words

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Critique Getting Off The Welfare Carousel Essay Example For Students

Critique: Getting Off The Welfare Carousel Essay Getting Off the Welfare Carousel written by Teresa McCrary, discusses thestruggle a single mother in todays world goes through trying to give their children thebest they deserve. The article speaks of the stereotypical remarks, toward the women onwelfare and the accusations of them so called milking the system. Teresa tells us how thenation-wide view of them is totally wrong. The majority of women Teresa knows onwelfare are hard working individuals and would do anything to hold down a descent job,but being a single mother is hard enough without having to worry about some lousyminimum wage job that they more than likely will only be able to find. Teresa herself isworking on her fourth year of college and is doing rather well in her complicated path forsuccess. The article points out that more people than recognized are legitimately tryingtheir best, and forcing them to get a low paying job will do nothing but hurt them andplace neglectfullness actions upon their children. All of these excuses are legitimate andin some certain cases are probably true, but the welfare situation in the United States isgetting out of control and something needs to be done about it. Certain families whorightfully deserve the benefits that this great country provides for them probably will gethurt in the outcome of the reforms, but everyone has to suffer a little in achieving what isbest for the whole nation. This article written by Ms. McCrary is a fine argument speaking for the singleparent families who are actually trying to make something for themselves. I personallyfeel sorrow for those people who truly need welfare to survive, but there are many peoplein this country who abuse the privileges and the systems given to them. This is going tocause some sort of reform to allow welfare to maintain its existence. I agree with herconclusion on needing an education to make it in this world today. I personally am froma family of average middle class and do not have the money to attend college. I was notraised on welfare, although I do understand the concept of money in the sense that it takesmoney in order to make money. I am from a family of six and my parents do not have themoney to send there children to college. I took the initiative upon myself to make theright decisions for my future, and now am unfortunately taking out student loans, butsomeday I will have a degree and a well paid job to pay back my loans and makesomething for myself and family. Education is the path for success in the future and as oftoday. This is only an answer for a certain percentage of the people on welfare and thereare reasons why people cant go to college, but if that percentage did get an educationthere would be a large amount of people off welfare. This would abolish the excuse thatthere are only minimum wage jobs available to people anymore. With an education youcan make enough money to support your family. Aside from the point of education for an answer to the excuses of welfare, aperson needs not to be content with getting by with the hand given money of welfare. What would people do if they had never been given welfare? Teresa McCrary arguesmany more people would be on the streets. I dont agree, I believe they would havephysically and mentally motivated themselves to do what it takes; rather than being lazywith an open hand receiving money from this countries hard working peoples pockets. .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b , .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .postImageUrl , .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b , .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b:hover , .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b:visited , .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b:active { border:0!important; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b:active , .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: ï » ¿Developing Professional Practice EssayOnce again I do believe welfare is a great modification of this country and I dothink it is strongly needed. On the other hand I think alot of people receiving it are doingnothing but abusing the system and taking needed money from other people by theirignorance and stupidity. This is causing the reduction of funds for the legitimately needypeople of our country, such as Teresa McCrary and others who honestly make an attemptto support their families. Reforms are needed in order to keep the money available tothese people, and the best advice that I can suggest is to get an education and make thebest for yourself and your family.

Budgeting and Its Impact on Financial Reporting †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Budgeting and Its Impact on Financial Reporting. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to find out how manipulating budgets can assist in earnings management. The report will include a discussion on the budgeting process, the person/s involved, why is it done and how it is done to identify the internal factors and/or motives behind the manipulation of budgets and how it assists in earnings management. The importance of knowing how budgets are manipulated will help deter fraud and other unethical behaviors, aid in creating better and effective budgeting alternative, therefore minimizing if not preventing earnings management. This paper utilizes secondary research to answer the question of how manipulating budgets can assist in earnings management by analyzing previous research and studies and by comparing differing viewpoints. The main sources of information for this research are Academic Journals, Trade magazines, and research studies and articles from credible sources both from NAIT library database and the Internet. This report could help managers and/or business owners identify the reasons or motives on why manipulation of budgets happens and how it assists in earnings management. By knowing this, managers and/or business owners can then find alternatives and ways to improve the budgeting process and create a plan to deter this unethical business practice from occurring again. Since earnings management is a broad topic on its own, discussions in this paper is limited to earnings managements in relation to budget manipulation and emphases on internal factors that cause it. Purpose of a budget. Budget is an essential tool to translate general plans into specific, action-oriented goals and objectives (Walther, n.d.). It provides guidance to insiders in an organization such as managers and/or business owners to help achieve organizational goal. The purpose of budgeting is to give those goals and plans financial values, making the progress easily measurable and to transform the strategic ideas into understandable operative actions (Hanninen, 2013). Budgets are useful for allocating the resources of an organization to different areas and departments within it and for controlling and monitoring how such resources are spent. Insiders often have access to a wide range of financial and non-financial information in addition to the budgets when carrying out their internal operations. Therefore, organizations uses budgets to forecast income and expenditure, as means for making important decisions and monitor business performances. Business owners and managers need to be able to predic t if the business is profitable or not, therefore budget forecast is very important because it models how the business should perform financially and how plans should be carried out to achieve profitability targets. Also, budgeting provides financial framework for the decision-making process to make sure that a certain course of action is something planned or not. Lastly, budgeting enables actual business performance to be measured against the forecast business performance. (Isaac, n.d.). Budgeting Process. A good budgeting process engages those who are responsible for adhering to the budget and implementing the organizations objectives (Foley, n.d.). Budgets are typically used to hold managers accountable for their areas of responsibility in the organization; actual results are compared against budgeted goals and timetables, and variances are highlighted. Managers dont mind taking credit forfavorablevariances, when actual comes in better than budget. However, beating the budget for the period doesnt always indicate outstanding performance. A favorable variance could be the result of manipulating the budget so that the budgeted benchmarks can be easily achieved. Budgeting decisions are driven both by mission priorities and fiscal accountability and although budget is made to serve as guide for managers to make financial decisions for the company, it can be altered and use for personal advantage instead. Ethical Issues of budgeting Since budget is simply a tool that can help management plan and control resources, any tool can be misused. The budget processes too often serve as opportunities for self-aggrandizement and enrichment by undeserving and unscrupulous manager. Many will manipulate numbers in their budget reports to inflate results and artificially achieve short-term targets and others will spend money wastefully so as not to see a reduction in next year's budget allocation (Merchant, 2013). Issues arise due to conflicting interest of various people in an organization whether they are directly involved in the budgeting process or not. Most common conflict is between managers and shareholders, and managers and lower level employees. According to Walker K. B. and Fleischman G. M., organizations that linkaccounting measures to pay, frequently deal with a variety of undesirable, and often unethical behaviors. Presently, the business press is replete with stories about how employees engaged in ethically questionable and illegal behaviors to make themselves look better on performance evaluations and obtain bonuses. Generally, these behaviors occur in two related contexts: (1) biasing information or otherwise coordinating activities to game" the realization of budgets or (2) timing reported or actual economic events to shift income between periods, also known as earnings management. Behavioral Implication of Budgeting and Earnings Management. Earnings manipulation or commonly known as Earnings Management is anaccounting technique used by management in many companies to influence earnings to achieve the desired end. This is done to produce financial reports that may portray an overly positive picture of a companys business activities and financial position. Earnings being the most important information in financial reporting is used by different parties in their decisions to determine the firms economic value and the allocation of its resources which is done through budgeting (Nurul Fitri Mohd Noor et al., 2015). Organizations then compare the financial results of their actual operations against their budgets to find out the reasons and sources for the difference. These differences could arise because either the actual operations strayed away from the budget, or the budgets were unrealistic to start with and thus had no chance of being met from the very beginning. Many financial reporting frauds have their origin in overly optimistic budgets and forecasts that subsequently lead to an environment of cooking the books to reach unrealistic goals (Gartenstein, n.d.). This means that a deliberate distortion or falsification of the financial statements is present which gives a misleading picture of a firms financial performance or position. These issues are all components of Earnings Management and as mentioned earlier, these behaviors occur in two related contexts; gaming the budget and income smoothing. Gaming the budget. Budget gaming is a technique of manipulating budget through biasing information or otherwise coordinating activities to game" the realization of budgets. Budget-based performance contracts is considered as one of the most common causes of unethical behavior in organizations. Although the goal of budget-based performance is to motivate people to perform well, this approach has tempted them to engaged in behaviors that include lying, cheating, and shirking. These systems fail to create enduring commitment; instead, they increase dependency rather than empowerment among employees, which leads to management cultures based on fears, all of which may lead to unethical and fraudulent behaviors by both employees and managers. Whether budgetary gaming is an accepted practice or not, organizations behavioral norms are sometimes an explicit factor in determining the ethicality of budgetary manipulation. These behaviors arise in response to management pressure: Generally, higher levels of manage ment are accepting this practice and are concerned more with controlling slack instead of eliminating it. Although there have been good and bad outcomes, the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) and the court find these activities unethical. They agree that lying about the occurrence of business transactions, falsifyingaccounting records, and defrauding customers are illegal actions. (Walker K. B. Fleischman G. M, 2013) Income Smoothing. Meanwhile, income smoothing is a technique used in manipulating earnings through timing reported or actual economic events to shift income between periods, also known as earnings management. This is just one of the few patterns or technique in earnings management. In this technique, firms use earnings targets which is frequently rooted in the budget to determine compensation pay. As a result, managers have the incentives to manipulate earnings, the budget, or both to maximize their monetary benefits such as salary, commissions, or bonuses, while at the same time, avoiding actions that might cause subsequent years performance standards difficult to achieve. An example given by Walker K. B. Fleischman G. M is that, managers may choose various inventory and bad debtaccounting methods, or they may manipulate revenues and expenses as the circumstance dictate. Analysis and Recommendation Evaluating and overhauling the budget process Setting realistic goals not over-optimistic budgets. Rewarding employees for accomplishments and not just for achieving targets. Who are involved in budgeting and financial reporting? This is process which to identify the future expenses and income which company will receive. This budgeting will idea or estimation about the future expenses and income which company will have in future. There are following persons involved while preparing budgeting and financial reporting such as management department, financial manager, accounting department and business planner of organization. Budgeting of the organization is prepared by using capital budgeting tools and financial reporting frameworks. However, all stakeholders are involved in preparing budgeting and financial reporting of organization. Therefore, all the key stakeholders who are working at the management team are the person involved in budgeting and financial reporting. Why is it done? Budgeting and financial reporting is prepared to deter fraud and other unethical behaviors. In addition to this, it will also aid in creating better and effective budgeting alternative for making effective financial planning of organization. In simple words, budgeting is prepared to provide guidance to insiders in an organization such as managers and/or business owners to achieve certain financial goals and objective in determined approach. The purpose of budgeting is to give those goals and plans financial values, making the progress easily measurable and to transform the strategic ideas into understandable operative actions. How is it done? This budgeting is prepared by using budgeting tools and using capital budgeting methods such as Net present value method, preparing cash flow by using direct and indirect method and drafting various budgets such as operational and financial budget. This will help company to evaluate the future expenses and income of company to prepare financial planning. This prepared budget will help owners to make effective strategic decision for the betterment of organization and creating effective business functioning. How to prevent it? This report has reflected various limitation and problems which company will face due to its non-efficient budget. However, in order to curb these problems, organization should follow proper trend analysis while preparing budget. This trend analysis will identify all the ups and down of the organization which will identify all the associated factors and problems in budget. This budgeting issues and problems are very common. However, proactive budgeting plans and using project escalation amount is used to help organization from the unforeseen factors and challenges arise due to sluggish market conditions. Conclusion In evaluating the budget process, it is important to remember that a budget is simply a written estimate or a plan of how an entity will perform financially. Thus, a budget should not be prepared on the imaginary data but should be made of primary and secondary data. Now in the end, it would be inferred that budgeting is the most important tool to estimate the future expense and amount of income which company will receive in future. This could be concluded that if company could use proper budgeting tools then it will surely result to effective preparation of budget. References Foley, E. H. (2010). The Budgeting Process. Retrieved October 10, 2017, from https://www.nonprofitaccountingbasics.org/reporting-operations/budgeting-process Gartenstein D. (n.d.). Budgeting Ethics. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/budgeting-ethics-47002.html Hanninen, V., (2013). Budgeting at a crossroads the viability of traditional budgeting a case study. Masters thesis, Aalto University School of Business. Isaac, L. (n.d.). Purpose of a Budget. Retrieved November 1, 2017, from https://www.leoisaac.com/budget/bud031.htm Merchant, K. A. (2013, July 21). Companies get Budgets All Wrong. Retrieved October 9, 2017, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323873904578571810482331202 Noor, M. N., Sansui, Z. Mm, Heang, L. T., Iskandar, T. M., Isa, M. Y. (2015). Fraud Motives and Opportunities Factors on Earnings Manipulations, Procedia Economics and Finance, 28 126 135. Retrieved November 15, 2017 from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212567115010916 Walker, K. B. Fleischman G. M., (2013). Toeing the Line: The Ethics of Manipulating Earning and Budgets. Management and Accounting Quarterly Spring, 14(3): 18-24. Walther, L. (n.d.). Importance of Budgets. Retrieved October 10, 2017, from https://www.principlesofaccounting.com/chapter-21/budgets/