3 Most Common Reasons Women Have an Abortion

For some, its an inconceivable act, but for others, abortion seems to be the only way out of an unplanned pregnancy and an impossible-to-negotiate future. Numbers show that nearly one in four U.S. women will choose to have an abortion before age 45. According to the Guttmacher Institute, a handful of studies over the years have indicated consistently similar answers from women who identify why theyve chosen to have an abortion. The top three reasons these women cite for not being able to continue their pregnancies and give birth are: Negative impact on the mothers lifeFinancial instabilityRelationship problems/unwillingness to be a single mother What is the rationale behind these reasons that would lead a woman to terminate a pregnancy? What are the challenges and situations women face that make giving birth and raising a newborn an impossible task?   Negative Impact on the Mothers Life Taken at face value, this reason may sound selfish. But a pregnancy that occurs in the wrong place at the wrong time can have a lifelong impact on a womans ability to raise a family and earn a living. Less than half of teens who become teen mothers before age 18 graduate from high school. College students who become pregnant and give birth are also much less likely to complete their education than their peers. Employed single women who become pregnant face an interruption of their jobs and careers. This impacts their earning ability and may make them unable to raise a child on their own. For women who already have other children at home or are caring for aging relatives, the reduction in income resulting from pregnancy and subsequent birth may bring them below the poverty level and require them to seek public assistance. Financial Instability Whether shes a student in high school, paying her way through college, or a single woman earning just enough to live independently, many expectant mothers lack the resources to cover the staggeringly high costs associated with pregnancy, birth, and childrearing, especially if they do not have health insurance. Saving for a baby is one thing, but an unplanned pregnancy places an enormous financial burden on a woman who cannot afford to care for an infant, let alone pay for the necessary OB/GYN visits that will ensure healthy fetal development. Lack of adequate medical care during pregnancy places the newborn at a higher risk for complications during birth and in early infancy. The cost of average hospital birth is approximate $8,000 and prenatal care provided by a physician can cost between $1,500 and $3,000. For the nearly 50 million Americans who do not have insurance, this would mean an out-of-pocket expense of $10,000. Thats if things go well and if its a single, healthy birth. Problems from pre-eclampsia to  premature birth  can send costs spiraling. If those births are included in the average, a birth can cost well over $50,000. According to a 2013 study published by advocacy group Childbirth Connection and reported in  The Guardian, the U.S. is the most expensive place in the world to have a birth.   That figure, coupled with the cost of raising a child from infancy through age 17 (estimated at over $200,000 per child), makes giving birth a terrifying proposition for someone who is still in school, or lacks a steady income, or simply does not have the financial resources to continue a pregnancy with adequate medical care and give birth to a healthy baby. Fear of Being a Single Mother The majority of women with unplanned pregnancies do not live with their partners or have committed relationships. These women realize that in all likelihood they will be raising their child as a single mother. Many are unwilling to take this big step due to the reasons described above: interruption of education or career, insufficient financial resources, or inability to care for an infant due to caregiving needs of other children or family members. Even in situations involving women cohabitating with their partners, the outlook for unmarried women as single mothers in discouraging. Among women in their 20s living with their partners at the time of birth, one-third ended their relationships within two years. Other Most Common Reasons for Abortion Although these are not the primary reasons women choose abortion, the following statements reflect concerns that play a role in influencing women to terminate their pregnancies: I dont want more children or Im done with childrearing.Im not ready to become a mother or not ready for another child.I dont want others to know about my pregnancy or that Im having sex.My husband/partner wants me to have an abortion.There are problems with the health of the fetus.There are problems with my own health.My parents want me to have an abortion. Combined with those reasons previously cited, these secondary concerns often convince women that abortion — albeit a difficult and painful choice — is the best decision for them at this time in their lives. Reasons for Abortion, the Statistics In a study released by the Guttmacher Institute in 2005, women were asked to provide reasons why they chose to have an abortion. Multiple responses were permissible. Of those who gave at least one reason: 89 percent gave at least two72 percent gave at least three Nearly three-quarters said they could not afford to have a baby. Of those women who gave two or more answers, the most common response —inability to afford a baby — was most frequently followed by one of three other reasons: pregnancy/birth/baby would interfere with school or employment.reluctant to be a single mother or experiencing relationship problems.done with childbearing or already have other children/dependents. Women specified these reasons that led to their abortion decision  (percentage total will not add up to 100, as multiple answers were permissible): 74 percent felt having a baby would dramatically change my life (which includes interrupting education, interfering with job and career, and/or concern over other children or dependents).73 percent felt they cant afford a baby now (due to various reasons such as being unmarried, being a student, inability to afford childcare or basic needs of life, etc.).48 percent dont want to be a single mother or [were] having relationship problem[s].38 percent have completed [their] childbearing.32 percent were not ready for a(nother) child.25 percent dont want people to know I had sex or got pregnant.22 percent dont feel mature enough to raise a(nother) child.14 percent felt their husband or partner wants me to have an abortion.13 percent said there were possible problems affecting the health of the fetus.12 percent said there were physical problems with my health.6 percent felt their parents want me to have an abortion.1 percent said they were a victim of rape.0.5 percent became pregnant as a r esult of incest. Sources Finer, Lawrence B. Reasons U.S. Women Have Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives., Lori F. Frohwirth, Lindsay A. Dauphinee, et al., Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 37(3):110–118, The Guttmacher Institute, 2005. Glenza, Jessica. Why does it cost $32,093 just to give birth in America? The Guardian, January 16, 2018. Jones, Rachel K. Population Group Abortion Rates and Lifetime Incidence of Abortion: United States, 2008–2014. Jenna Jerman, The Guttmacher Institute, October 19, 2017. Wind, Rebecca. Why Do Women Have Abortions? The Guttmacher Institute, September 6, 2005.

Local Disaster Risk Reduction Management - 8884 Words

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Critique Getting Off The Welfare Carousel Essay Example For Students

Critique: Getting Off The Welfare Carousel Essay Getting Off the Welfare Carousel written by Teresa McCrary, discusses thestruggle a single mother in todays world goes through trying to give their children thebest they deserve. The article speaks of the stereotypical remarks, toward the women onwelfare and the accusations of them so called milking the system. Teresa tells us how thenation-wide view of them is totally wrong. The majority of women Teresa knows onwelfare are hard working individuals and would do anything to hold down a descent job,but being a single mother is hard enough without having to worry about some lousyminimum wage job that they more than likely will only be able to find. Teresa herself isworking on her fourth year of college and is doing rather well in her complicated path forsuccess. The article points out that more people than recognized are legitimately tryingtheir best, and forcing them to get a low paying job will do nothing but hurt them andplace neglectfullness actions upon their children. All of these excuses are legitimate andin some certain cases are probably true, but the welfare situation in the United States isgetting out of control and something needs to be done about it. Certain families whorightfully deserve the benefits that this great country provides for them probably will gethurt in the outcome of the reforms, but everyone has to suffer a little in achieving what isbest for the whole nation. This article written by Ms. McCrary is a fine argument speaking for the singleparent families who are actually trying to make something for themselves. I personallyfeel sorrow for those people who truly need welfare to survive, but there are many peoplein this country who abuse the privileges and the systems given to them. This is going tocause some sort of reform to allow welfare to maintain its existence. I agree with herconclusion on needing an education to make it in this world today. I personally am froma family of average middle class and do not have the money to attend college. I was notraised on welfare, although I do understand the concept of money in the sense that it takesmoney in order to make money. I am from a family of six and my parents do not have themoney to send there children to college. I took the initiative upon myself to make theright decisions for my future, and now am unfortunately taking out student loans, butsomeday I will have a degree and a well paid job to pay back my loans and makesomething for myself and family. Education is the path for success in the future and as oftoday. This is only an answer for a certain percentage of the people on welfare and thereare reasons why people cant go to college, but if that percentage did get an educationthere would be a large amount of people off welfare. This would abolish the excuse thatthere are only minimum wage jobs available to people anymore. With an education youcan make enough money to support your family. Aside from the point of education for an answer to the excuses of welfare, aperson needs not to be content with getting by with the hand given money of welfare. What would people do if they had never been given welfare? Teresa McCrary arguesmany more people would be on the streets. I dont agree, I believe they would havephysically and mentally motivated themselves to do what it takes; rather than being lazywith an open hand receiving money from this countries hard working peoples pockets. .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b , .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .postImageUrl , .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b , .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b:hover , .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b:visited , .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b:active { border:0!important; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b:active , .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ube8e2e49e89f9b18ec4fa81dda73907b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: ï » ¿Developing Professional Practice EssayOnce again I do believe welfare is a great modification of this country and I dothink it is strongly needed. On the other hand I think alot of people receiving it are doingnothing but abusing the system and taking needed money from other people by theirignorance and stupidity. This is causing the reduction of funds for the legitimately needypeople of our country, such as Teresa McCrary and others who honestly make an attemptto support their families. Reforms are needed in order to keep the money available tothese people, and the best advice that I can suggest is to get an education and make thebest for yourself and your family.

Budgeting and Its Impact on Financial Reporting †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Budgeting and Its Impact on Financial Reporting. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to find out how manipulating budgets can assist in earnings management. The report will include a discussion on the budgeting process, the person/s involved, why is it done and how it is done to identify the internal factors and/or motives behind the manipulation of budgets and how it assists in earnings management. The importance of knowing how budgets are manipulated will help deter fraud and other unethical behaviors, aid in creating better and effective budgeting alternative, therefore minimizing if not preventing earnings management. This paper utilizes secondary research to answer the question of how manipulating budgets can assist in earnings management by analyzing previous research and studies and by comparing differing viewpoints. The main sources of information for this research are Academic Journals, Trade magazines, and research studies and articles from credible sources both from NAIT library database and the Internet. This report could help managers and/or business owners identify the reasons or motives on why manipulation of budgets happens and how it assists in earnings management. By knowing this, managers and/or business owners can then find alternatives and ways to improve the budgeting process and create a plan to deter this unethical business practice from occurring again. Since earnings management is a broad topic on its own, discussions in this paper is limited to earnings managements in relation to budget manipulation and emphases on internal factors that cause it. Purpose of a budget. Budget is an essential tool to translate general plans into specific, action-oriented goals and objectives (Walther, n.d.). It provides guidance to insiders in an organization such as managers and/or business owners to help achieve organizational goal. The purpose of budgeting is to give those goals and plans financial values, making the progress easily measurable and to transform the strategic ideas into understandable operative actions (Hanninen, 2013). Budgets are useful for allocating the resources of an organization to different areas and departments within it and for controlling and monitoring how such resources are spent. Insiders often have access to a wide range of financial and non-financial information in addition to the budgets when carrying out their internal operations. Therefore, organizations uses budgets to forecast income and expenditure, as means for making important decisions and monitor business performances. Business owners and managers need to be able to predic t if the business is profitable or not, therefore budget forecast is very important because it models how the business should perform financially and how plans should be carried out to achieve profitability targets. Also, budgeting provides financial framework for the decision-making process to make sure that a certain course of action is something planned or not. Lastly, budgeting enables actual business performance to be measured against the forecast business performance. (Isaac, n.d.). Budgeting Process. A good budgeting process engages those who are responsible for adhering to the budget and implementing the organizations objectives (Foley, n.d.). Budgets are typically used to hold managers accountable for their areas of responsibility in the organization; actual results are compared against budgeted goals and timetables, and variances are highlighted. Managers dont mind taking credit forfavorablevariances, when actual comes in better than budget. However, beating the budget for the period doesnt always indicate outstanding performance. A favorable variance could be the result of manipulating the budget so that the budgeted benchmarks can be easily achieved. Budgeting decisions are driven both by mission priorities and fiscal accountability and although budget is made to serve as guide for managers to make financial decisions for the company, it can be altered and use for personal advantage instead. Ethical Issues of budgeting Since budget is simply a tool that can help management plan and control resources, any tool can be misused. The budget processes too often serve as opportunities for self-aggrandizement and enrichment by undeserving and unscrupulous manager. Many will manipulate numbers in their budget reports to inflate results and artificially achieve short-term targets and others will spend money wastefully so as not to see a reduction in next year's budget allocation (Merchant, 2013). Issues arise due to conflicting interest of various people in an organization whether they are directly involved in the budgeting process or not. Most common conflict is between managers and shareholders, and managers and lower level employees. According to Walker K. B. and Fleischman G. M., organizations that linkaccounting measures to pay, frequently deal with a variety of undesirable, and often unethical behaviors. Presently, the business press is replete with stories about how employees engaged in ethically questionable and illegal behaviors to make themselves look better on performance evaluations and obtain bonuses. Generally, these behaviors occur in two related contexts: (1) biasing information or otherwise coordinating activities to game" the realization of budgets or (2) timing reported or actual economic events to shift income between periods, also known as earnings management. Behavioral Implication of Budgeting and Earnings Management. Earnings manipulation or commonly known as Earnings Management is anaccounting technique used by management in many companies to influence earnings to achieve the desired end. This is done to produce financial reports that may portray an overly positive picture of a companys business activities and financial position. Earnings being the most important information in financial reporting is used by different parties in their decisions to determine the firms economic value and the allocation of its resources which is done through budgeting (Nurul Fitri Mohd Noor et al., 2015). Organizations then compare the financial results of their actual operations against their budgets to find out the reasons and sources for the difference. These differences could arise because either the actual operations strayed away from the budget, or the budgets were unrealistic to start with and thus had no chance of being met from the very beginning. Many financial reporting frauds have their origin in overly optimistic budgets and forecasts that subsequently lead to an environment of cooking the books to reach unrealistic goals (Gartenstein, n.d.). This means that a deliberate distortion or falsification of the financial statements is present which gives a misleading picture of a firms financial performance or position. These issues are all components of Earnings Management and as mentioned earlier, these behaviors occur in two related contexts; gaming the budget and income smoothing. Gaming the budget. Budget gaming is a technique of manipulating budget through biasing information or otherwise coordinating activities to game" the realization of budgets. Budget-based performance contracts is considered as one of the most common causes of unethical behavior in organizations. Although the goal of budget-based performance is to motivate people to perform well, this approach has tempted them to engaged in behaviors that include lying, cheating, and shirking. These systems fail to create enduring commitment; instead, they increase dependency rather than empowerment among employees, which leads to management cultures based on fears, all of which may lead to unethical and fraudulent behaviors by both employees and managers. Whether budgetary gaming is an accepted practice or not, organizations behavioral norms are sometimes an explicit factor in determining the ethicality of budgetary manipulation. These behaviors arise in response to management pressure: Generally, higher levels of manage ment are accepting this practice and are concerned more with controlling slack instead of eliminating it. Although there have been good and bad outcomes, the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) and the court find these activities unethical. They agree that lying about the occurrence of business transactions, falsifyingaccounting records, and defrauding customers are illegal actions. (Walker K. B. Fleischman G. M, 2013) Income Smoothing. Meanwhile, income smoothing is a technique used in manipulating earnings through timing reported or actual economic events to shift income between periods, also known as earnings management. This is just one of the few patterns or technique in earnings management. In this technique, firms use earnings targets which is frequently rooted in the budget to determine compensation pay. As a result, managers have the incentives to manipulate earnings, the budget, or both to maximize their monetary benefits such as salary, commissions, or bonuses, while at the same time, avoiding actions that might cause subsequent years performance standards difficult to achieve. An example given by Walker K. B. Fleischman G. M is that, managers may choose various inventory and bad debtaccounting methods, or they may manipulate revenues and expenses as the circumstance dictate. Analysis and Recommendation Evaluating and overhauling the budget process Setting realistic goals not over-optimistic budgets. Rewarding employees for accomplishments and not just for achieving targets. Who are involved in budgeting and financial reporting? This is process which to identify the future expenses and income which company will receive. This budgeting will idea or estimation about the future expenses and income which company will have in future. There are following persons involved while preparing budgeting and financial reporting such as management department, financial manager, accounting department and business planner of organization. Budgeting of the organization is prepared by using capital budgeting tools and financial reporting frameworks. However, all stakeholders are involved in preparing budgeting and financial reporting of organization. Therefore, all the key stakeholders who are working at the management team are the person involved in budgeting and financial reporting. Why is it done? Budgeting and financial reporting is prepared to deter fraud and other unethical behaviors. In addition to this, it will also aid in creating better and effective budgeting alternative for making effective financial planning of organization. In simple words, budgeting is prepared to provide guidance to insiders in an organization such as managers and/or business owners to achieve certain financial goals and objective in determined approach. The purpose of budgeting is to give those goals and plans financial values, making the progress easily measurable and to transform the strategic ideas into understandable operative actions. How is it done? This budgeting is prepared by using budgeting tools and using capital budgeting methods such as Net present value method, preparing cash flow by using direct and indirect method and drafting various budgets such as operational and financial budget. This will help company to evaluate the future expenses and income of company to prepare financial planning. This prepared budget will help owners to make effective strategic decision for the betterment of organization and creating effective business functioning. How to prevent it? This report has reflected various limitation and problems which company will face due to its non-efficient budget. However, in order to curb these problems, organization should follow proper trend analysis while preparing budget. This trend analysis will identify all the ups and down of the organization which will identify all the associated factors and problems in budget. This budgeting issues and problems are very common. However, proactive budgeting plans and using project escalation amount is used to help organization from the unforeseen factors and challenges arise due to sluggish market conditions. Conclusion In evaluating the budget process, it is important to remember that a budget is simply a written estimate or a plan of how an entity will perform financially. Thus, a budget should not be prepared on the imaginary data but should be made of primary and secondary data. Now in the end, it would be inferred that budgeting is the most important tool to estimate the future expense and amount of income which company will receive in future. This could be concluded that if company could use proper budgeting tools then it will surely result to effective preparation of budget. References Foley, E. H. (2010). The Budgeting Process. Retrieved October 10, 2017, from https://www.nonprofitaccountingbasics.org/reporting-operations/budgeting-process Gartenstein D. (n.d.). Budgeting Ethics. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/budgeting-ethics-47002.html Hanninen, V., (2013). Budgeting at a crossroads the viability of traditional budgeting a case study. Masters thesis, Aalto University School of Business. Isaac, L. (n.d.). Purpose of a Budget. Retrieved November 1, 2017, from https://www.leoisaac.com/budget/bud031.htm Merchant, K. A. (2013, July 21). Companies get Budgets All Wrong. Retrieved October 9, 2017, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323873904578571810482331202 Noor, M. N., Sansui, Z. Mm, Heang, L. T., Iskandar, T. M., Isa, M. Y. (2015). Fraud Motives and Opportunities Factors on Earnings Manipulations, Procedia Economics and Finance, 28 126 135. Retrieved November 15, 2017 from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212567115010916 Walker, K. B. Fleischman G. M., (2013). Toeing the Line: The Ethics of Manipulating Earning and Budgets. Management and Accounting Quarterly Spring, 14(3): 18-24. Walther, L. (n.d.). Importance of Budgets. Retrieved October 10, 2017, from https://www.principlesofaccounting.com/chapter-21/budgets/

Impacts of Globalization in the World

Free Essays on Amy Fisher Outline

I.Introduction of offender/ topic A.Amy Elizabeth Fisher B.Amy Fischer was born on August 21, 1974 C.Nassau Community Hospital, Long Island, NY D.Amy’s parents are Roseanne Vise and E. Elliot Fisher F.Suffered early childhood trauma after a family member sexually abused her. She was also raped by a TV repair man in her home at age 13 (Celebrity Bios). G.Grew up in an affluent neighborhood on Mandalay Beach Rd. South Shore Long Island. At age 13 her family relocated to Merrick Long Island which was an upper class neighborhood. Childhood was drastically effected by her being raped. This led her down the path towards promiscuity. H.Amy Fisher attended John F. Kennedy High School in Bellmore Long Island. She had trouble with school, receiving bad grades. She failed to complete her sophomore year due to her plot to kill Mary Jo Buttafuoco. Fisher later went on and completed her G.E.D. while attending Albion Correctional Facility. I.Amy Fisher was very promiscuous during her young adulthood, began sexual activity at an early age. At age 15 Fisher became pregnant and later aborted the child. J.Fisher had loving parents who spent much of their time at the store that they owned, rather then on Amy. Amy spent some time helping her parents at their store, The Stitch-n-Sew. K.Beside for working at her parents store Amy received an escort job with ABBA which was a Baldwin based prostitution service owned by Lorraine Wurzbug, a friend of Joey Buttafuoco. Amy charged $150 per 45 minutes for her services. Amy was an escort for just 6 months. She used the money she made to pay for her car to be repaired. L.Joey Buttafuoco was Amy’s lover. Peter Guagenti was also a accomplice because he gave Amy a ride to Mary Jo Buttafuoco’s house. Peter Guagenti also supplied Amy with .25 caliber Titan handgun. II.Introduction of the offenses A.Attempted murder B.Amy Fischer was 17 years old when she committed attempted mur... Free Essays on Amy Fisher Outline Free Essays on Amy Fisher Outline I. Introduction of offender/ topic A. Amy Elizabeth Fisher B. Amy Fischer was born on August 21, 1974 C. Nassau Community Hospital, Long Island, NY D. Amy’s parents are Roseanne Vise and E. Elliot Fisher F. Suffered early childhood trauma after a family member sexually abused her. She was also raped by a TV repair man in her home at age 13 (Celebrity Bios). G. Grew up in an affluent neighborhood on Mandalay Beach Rd. South Shore Long Island. At age 13 her family relocated to Merrick Long Island which was an upper class neighborhood. Childhood was drastically effected by her being raped. This led her down the path towards promiscuity. H. Amy Fisher attended John F. Kennedy High School in Bellmore Long Island. She had trouble with school, receiving bad grades. She failed to complete her sophomore year due to her plot to kill Mary Jo Buttafuoco. Fisher later went on and completed her G.E.D. while attending Albion Correctional Facility. I. Amy Fisher was very promiscuous during her young adulthood, began sexual activity at an early age. At age 15 Fisher became pregnant and later aborted the child. J. Fisher had loving parents who spent much of their time at the store that they owned, rather then on Amy. Amy spent some time helping her parents at their store, The Stitch-n-Sew. K. Beside for working at her parents store Amy received an escort job with ABBA which was a Baldwin based prostitution service owned by Lorraine Wurzbug, a friend of Joey Buttafuoco. Amy charged $150 per 45 minutes for her services. Amy was an escort for just 6 months. She used the money she made to pay for her car to be repaired. L. Joey Buttafuoco was Amy’s lover. Peter Guagenti was also a accomplice because he gave Amy a ride to Mary Jo Buttafuoco’s house. Peter Guagenti also supplied Amy with .25 caliber Titan handgun. II. Introduction of the offenses A. Attempted murder B. Amy Fischer was 17 years old when she committed attempted mur...

The Economies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Economies - Essay Example Through the 20th century, Sweden progressed into a contemporary welfare condition. This was made feasible by a positive economic and political progress within the Nordic countries. Ever since the late 19th century, the Nordic lands urbanized from agrarian societies towards a completely industrialized societies. Matching with economic improvement, self-governing institutions and parliamentarism were initiated. Due to the idleness in WWI, Sweden grasped the advantage of the boost in foreign demands which was caused by the warfare. As a result of its documentation-high tax degrees and a remarkably huge public sect, Sweden has been broadly considered as the embodiment of the postwar wellbeing state. During the launch of the 1980's they loaned additional money, and then they imported excessively than they exported. Advanced education is being offered at no cost. This was sustained by the Conservative/Liberal Government which came in command during 1976. Every one of public childcare is co-educational. The jobless were presented with significant positions by the State. On the whole, the Swedish welfare situation remains exceptionally openhanded. Sweden had been more righteous rather than other countries similar to Germany and US as a result of an export boosting depreciation on the Krona during 1931. Sweden has coordinated its economic procedures with those of the EU, which it coupled at the beginning of 1995. Few Swedish economists have declared that Sweden's welfare condition has had grave unfavorable outcome on the country's economic development. This then had become the reason for profoundly increased taxes. We have learned that in Sweden the government has increased the fraction of salaries provided for income tax to sustain the universality of social services, where in due course, this did not really do well towards the citizens, but merely impedes them, and demonstrates them that they do not ever actually have to confront the responsibilities that go together with adulthood. For just about sixty years the Swedish economy has been gazed at and respected for its lofty level of comfort. Four out of ten employees were engaged by the administration, personnel who were being absent for work were excessive, low down productivity was then being encountered inside the export businesses, vacations along with other allowance settlement were very expensive, economic drop was sinking the base tax where the social agenda are required to pay for also the government shortage was escalating. As a result, citizens, who prefer to sit at home all day, even if they are completely capable of having a fine job, takes in similar benefits as those who are working outside their house. They had a scheme identified as cradle-to-grave welfare scheme, and it guarantees employment to almost every citizen. Ultimately, when the administration tried to lessen, the government expenditure Swedes was not capable to cope with their new offered sovereignty, and naturally, towering unemployment turned out to be one of numerous problems that this country has. Brazil happens to be the biggest country in population as well as in its size of South America. This country is a federative republic along with a government very

Solar PV on a Lifeboat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Solar PV on a Lifeboat - Essay Example On the other hand, there are alternate ways to power the life boat in case emergency. Solar energy and wind energy are always available during any condition and these two renewable resources can be used to power a life boat. Solar and wind energy are not only environment friendly but also cost little. Moreover, solar and wind energy are not going to end as it is most concerned factors with diesel. Solar and wind energy are efficient source of energy as there is no operational cost. Solar energy is good for the life boats as solar panels are light weight and available is different sizes and shapes. Flexible solar panels are best suited for the inflatable life boats. It is most efficient technology for the life bots and can be used in combination with other technologies. In combination with the diesel power engines, the system will immediately switch to solar panel supply unit. The designed solar panels will have higher efficiency, waterproof layer and can resist a higher pressure during launch of life boat. An alternate energy sources is solar thermal energy. With the help of this technology water the temperature of water can be increased. In general, evacuated tubes and flat plate solar heat collection panels are mounted on the rooftops or on open regions to collect the solar thermal energy. For the power generation sector, molten salt or some other such material are utilized to attain maximum energy output from evacuated tubes. Molten salt stores the excessive thermal energy during day and gives it for the power generation during night. In some colder regions, two systems are utilized; antifreeze rust proof liquid is pumped through the flat plate collects or tubular collector to make the system running at low temperatures. Solar geysers are also installed with the evacuated tube collector to collect the hot water during night. Solar thermal is an efficient process to increase the temperature of water. The system

Cultural Makeup Of China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural Makeup Of China - Essay Example It is essential to outline that there is a significant set of cultural features affecting the business behavior in China. China has a record population of more than 1.3 billion citizens (Fabbi 8). Due to hardworking nature of the Chinese society, a large portion of their population is involved the daily business operations. Based on this, Chinese have been putting most their cultural business practices into use. In addition, fifty-six (56) ethnic groups are officially recognized in the country. These ethnic groups include the Han and Zhuang. The Chinese culture and civilization has been influenced by three main religious movements, which are Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism. In this sense, China’s prominent religions thus include Islam, Christianity and Buddhism (Alon 24). The country’s demographic values reveal that about 10% of China’s population lives on $1 a day (Fabbi 30). This small value has resulted into most Chinese doing their best to excel in business. 91.51% of the Chinese people belong to the Han ethnic group (Fabbi 12). Of the remaining 55 ethnic groups, only one has a population of over of 1%. This is the Zhuang ethnic group. In essence, the Han ethnic group creates the largest business oriented population in the country. In terms of religion, 2% of the country’s population is made up of Muslim while the Christian population stands between 3.2% and 5%. Additionally, Buddhism is practiced by 10% to 18% of the Chinese population. Lastly, 30% of the Chinese practice local folk religions. Since China is an atheist, it officially does not survey its people based on religion. On this regard, the Chinese culture does not consider religion to be of any effect on their respective business behaviors (Fabbi 128). The other sets of crucial Chinese cultural characteristics in business are about prosperous entertainment. A key part of China’s business culture is that evening banquets are

Statistical Analysis Results of Crime: ANOVA Test

Statistical Analysis Results of Crime: ANOVA Test THE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA), STUDENTS ‘T’ TESTS AND MATRIX ALGEBRA ATUBI, A. 0. Ph.D. Introduction The ANOVA sometimes referred to as the F test (named after the statistician Sir Roland Fisher, the author of this test) is a set of procedures for testing the significance of differences among more than two independent means. This procedure determines the extent to which there are significant differences between the means of three or more samples with a single level of significance. Because this procedure and others like it focus on variances, they are referred to as the analysis of variance or ANOVA One Way Analysis of Variance The step in ANOVA can be illustrated by an example Example 5.1.1 The number of crimes committed in 4 months in various parts of a town are list below: Month Artisan quarters Slums CDB GRA January February March April 20 16 32 16 52 44 56 36 36 40 36 40 16 20 32 20 At 0.05 level of confidence, are crime frequencies related to urban morphology or month of the year? First set up a null hypothesis of equality of the means Let Ho be: â€Å"There is no significant difference between the crimes frequencies and urban morphology or month of the year. Next, find the total of the four areas as listed below then their means Total =Artesan SlumsCBDGRA 8418815288 Mean Next, calculate the Grand mean Next, calculate the sum of squares for each population. Note that in ANOVA the number of samples do not have to be same Table 4.1.1: Means and sums of squares of crimes committed In ANOVA, we determine differences between means by calculating their variability. Three types of variability are estimated: The variation within each sample result The variation between the sample results The total variation of the samples, regardless of the sample grouping to which they belong (Anyadike, 2009) Next, calculate the sums of the sum of squares for each column (i.e Variable): SSW = ∑∑(Xij X)2 = 172+236+16+144 =568 Calculate sum of square between = ? N (X —X)2 =4(21-3 2)2+4(473 2)2+4 (3832)2 + 4(2232)2 = 484 +900+144+400 =1928 Calculate the within group sum of square. MSW = SSW n-rn Where n=no of observations M=no of groups Similarly, the mean s square between will be MSb =SSb M-l Therefore MSW =SSb=568=568 n-m 16-4 12 = 47.33 The ratio between the variance estimate is known as the Snedecor’s variance ratio test or Snedecor’s F Now set up an ANOVA table: Finally, test for significance: The degrees of freedom, V are: V- numerator = M-1=4-1=3 V- denominator = n-m= 16—4=12 From the Table of the F-Distribution, critical value of F at 0.05 3 and 12 =3.49 Calculated value is 13.18 Since the calculated F of 13.58 is greater (>) 3.49, Ho is rejected. Therefore, â€Å"There is a significant difference between crime frequencies with regards to urban morphology or month of the year. THE STUDENT ‘T TEST The most powerful test for the comparison of sample means is the student ‘t’ test. It is a parametric test and is used to determine whether or not the differences between two sample means are sufficiently great as to justify a conclusion that the means of their populations also differ significantly. It is also used for small samples The student ‘t’ is expressed as: T = x1-x ­1 vS12/N1 + S22/N2 Where X1 and X2 are the means of the two sets of data; S1 and S2 their standard deviations; and N1 and N2 the number of observations. The degree of freedom, V is expressed as follows: V = N+N,-2 Degree of Freedom There is often confusion among students about the concept of â€Å"degree of freedom†. Basically, if the sum of a set of elements and the sum of all but one is of its elements are both known, then the value of the last element must also be known, i.e. it is not, unlike the others, free to vary (Ayandike, 2009). For example, if the sum of 8 elements is 30 and the values of 7 of the elements variously add up to 28, then the value ofthe final (i.e. the 8†) element must be (30-28) = 2, i.e. if is not free to adopt any other value. The degree of freedom in this case is thus (8-1) = 7, i.e. in the set of 8 element, 7 of them are free to take on any values to sum up to 28, leaving value inviolate ELEMENTS OF MATRIX ALGEBRA Introduction The matrix is a rectangular array of number arranged in rows n and columns, m i.e Each of the numbers is called an elements. The position of each element is determined by its position in the row as well as in the The size of the matrix is given by the number of rows (n) and number of column (m) for example. A matrix which has the same number of rows and columns is called a square matrix. In the example above, a and c are square matrices. A matrix with a single row is called a row vector, while a matrix of a single column is called a column vector. Example of a row vector is {3 5 7 8} example of column vector is Matrix can be added, subtracted, multiplied and inverted but cannot be divided. However, they can only be divided by a scalar (i.e an ordinary number). Addition of Matrix Matrices to be added must be of the same size as one another. That is they must have the same number of columns and row s. This is because each element of one matrix must be added to the same element of the other matrix e.g. supposing we are adding two matrix [A]  ± [B] [A] + [BI =[C] i.e you add element by element N.B:The number of columns and rows must be the same before it can be added Matrix Subtraction The same rule as addition is applied e.g to subtract [BI from [A] [A] [B] Matrix Multiplication There are two aspect of matrix multiplication namely: a.Multiplication of matrix by a scaler b.Multiplication of matrix by two matrices By Scaler Supposing we are multiplying the matrix below by 4 Multiplication by Two Matrices When two matrices are to be multiplied, the number of columns in the first matrix must be equal the number of rows in the second matrix e.g. 23 matrix can be multiplied by 32 matrix. But a 23 matrix cannot be multiplied by another 23 matrix because the number of rows there is not equal to the number of columns in the second e.g. The result will have as many rows as the first and as may columns as the second. Multiplication of a matrix by vector, example An identity or unity matrix 1, is a matrix where the diagonal consist of l’s and the rest of the elements are zero e.g.: Matrix Inversion In matrix, algebra function of division is changed to that of inversion. The inverse of the matrix is it’s reciprocal i.e. Only square matrices have inverses. A matrix that cannot be inverted is called a singular matrix. Several methods exists for finding the inverse of a matrix. They includes 1.  The classical method This is to set the matrix beside an identity matrix, and to perform all operations simultaneously in both matrices, for example, if you are to invert this matrix [A], you first place it beside an identity matrix You have Step 1 Subtract row 2 from 3, multiply row 1 Row 2(3xrow 1) Step 3 2.  By Determinants This is the more modern one. A determinant is a single number extracted from a square matrix by series of operations. It is represented by either det A or /A/ The process of obtaining a determinant from a matrix is called evaluating the determinant. Using determinant, the inverse of matrix [A] becomes /A/ = ad—bc The adjoint of a matrix is the transposed matrix of co -factors with the signs taken into consideration. The signs are alternating +, -, across and down the element of the matrix e.g. in a 22 matrix So far a 22 matrix, the inverse is the adjoint of that matrix over the determinant of the matrix. The determinant of a 33 matrix The minus for each leading element becomes Uptill i. The Solution of Simultaneous Equation The major interest in matrices (and its greatest strength) is their use in the resolution of the unknowns in simultaneous equations (Anya dike, 2009) SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS WITH TWO UNKNOWNS 3x+4y 10 2x +‘7y = 11 Set in matrix form 1.Using the classical method, our equation in matrix form is [A] [x] [B] The matrix of the unknown [x]=[A]=[B] For a 2 x 2 matrix the adjoint of it is Since our matrix of unknown is Check with original equation 3x+4y =10 2x +7y1l Check 3(2)+4(1)= 10 =6+4+10 2(2) +7 (1) =1 4+7=11 1. By determinant method The matrix in our example is [A] [x] [B] This 13 is called the common denominator. Then we find the numerator of x, which is the determinant of the main matrix. :. X2/A1.B/-à ·/A!13113 =1 =y Therefore,Y = 1 X=2 REFERENCES Anyadike, R.N.C (2009) Statistical methods for social and Environmental Sciences. Spectrum Books Limited Ibadan. Anyadike, R.N.C (2009): Statistical methods for social and Environmental sciences. Spectrum Books limited Ibadan. Atubi, A.O. (2010d) Road Traffic Accident variations in Lagos State, Nigeria: A Synopsis of variance Spectra. African research Review, Vol 4(2) pp. 197-218. Ethiopia. Ewhmdjakpor C, Atubi, A.O. and Odemerho F. (2006): Statistics for social investigations. Delsu Investment Nigeria, Limited, Delta State University, Abraka. Ewhrudjakpor. C, Atubi, A.O, and Odermerho F (2006). Statistics for social Investigations. Delsu Investment Nigeria, Limited. Delta State University, Abraka. Spiegel, M.R (1972): Theory and problems of statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York.

John D. Rockefeller Essay -- American History, Philanthropist

John D. Rockefeller, born on July 8, 1839, has had a huge impact on the course of American history, his reputation spans from being a ruthless businessperson to a thoughtful philanthropist (Tarbell 41). He came from a family with not much and lived the American dream, rising to success through his own wit and cunning, riding on the backs of none. His legacy is huge, amassing the greatest private wealth of any American in history. Rockefeller’s influence on our country has been both a positive and a negative one, he donated huge sums of money to various public institutions and revolutionized the petroleum industry. Along with all the positives to the country, Rockefeller also had many negative affects as well, including, by gaining his riches by means of a monopoly, often using illegal methods, by giving others a reason to frown upon capitalism, and by hurting smaller businesses. The first positive affect of John D. Rockefeller was his donations of large sums of money to public institutions. During his lifetime, Rockefeller gave away 540 million dollars (Sicilia 2006). Almost all of his philanthropies occurred after his retirement from Standard Oil. Donations varied from colleges, to churches, to hospitals. With the help of his son and Frederick Gates, the man Rockefeller put in charge of his philanthropies, he was able to help improve the lives of many (Poole 2000). Rockefeller stayed loyal to his religion throughout his entire life, not forgetting where he came from and how it helped him. Raised as a Baptist from birth, religion always played a large role in Rockefeller’s life and was a part of his upbringing. From the very start of Rockefeller’s working life, he tithed ten percent of his earnings to his church. La... ...o chance of competing with Standard Oil due to all the tactics they employed to keep their prices low. This ravished small town families and had a similar effect as to what Wal-Mart does to family run shops nowadays. Numerous families living in small town America lost their income because of Standard Oil and forced hardship upon many. The legacy of John D. Rockefeller shall always live on as he has permanently shaped how this country looks. He has funded huge advancements in the fields of education and medicine along with starting the events to end lassiez-faire economics. The petroleum industry changed greatly during his career thanks to his research and completely new business methods were thought up of by him, some still in practice today. Although the personal opinions of Rockefeller vary greatly, it is a sure thing that he changed the course of America.

Representative democracy Essay

Representative democracy is what we have in this country. We are seen by many other countries as one of the most well run countries in the world. Our system seems to run very well and there are many advantages of using the system we do. The principal is that the people are represented through their MP who is able to put the views of the constituent to parliament. On the other hand most politicians want to be successful. and this much easier if you follow the party line. The use of the whip system means that if there is a whip to the 1st degree then the Prime Minister expects you to vote the same way as him. If you do not, this may jeopardize your chances of getting up the opportunity ladder, as you are against the decision of the elected party leader. Another advantage of representative democracy is that the elected MP for a specific area will be aware of the problems, things that could be improved and the views of the constituents in that town/s. This means that peoples needs can be met to the highest level. A disadvantage to this would be that people may not get a chance to see their MP to express their beliefs so they may often feel like their views are unwanted and be annoyed with the government e.g. if someone sent a letter to their representing MP and did not get a response. Also, MP’s are spending more and more time in Westminster. This means they are often away and this is why they may be out of touch with their constituents. Some people believe along with the Conservative Party and Edmund Burke that the general public is not intelligent enough to make decisions for themselves, so we have a government made up of intellectually superior people to do it for us so we don’t get it wrong. But the majority of the people would argue that we are all equal and we should all have an equal say in all matters. After all, democracy is defined as â€Å"A form of government in which political power is exercised by the citizens†. Another argument for Representative democracy is that it is very practical and quick. Some people think that other kinds of democracy are more efficient like direct democracy because the whole country would vote on every issue and it would be very democratic. This is not always the case e.g. in Switzerland they have direct democracy and in every referendum held in the past year, less than 50% of those eligible to vote did so. Also the government does not have to go with what the majority of the people decide so some people may say that it is pointless. Some people may say that representative democracy is not very democratic because of many reasons e.g. the whip system. Page 2 Representative democracy allows MP’s to look at all of the factors and elements that would be affected if a new policy was introduced and make an informed decision on which way to vote. This means it is reliable and there are lots of people trying to find a problem with the policy and either amend it, or vote against it. A major flaw with this is that even though the MP is supposed to represent the views of his/her constituents not all of the peoples views may not get back to the MP so they do not have all of the factors to consider. This system where the people elect MP’s to vote in matters for them seems like a very fair system. However some people say that when examined closely the system demonstrates a range of flaws which can make it unfair and undemocratic. One of these is the fact that when a party is running for election, they bring out a manifesto. This is a small booklet of the main policies that that party wishes to bring in, and the main issues they wish to tackle. This sounds excellent, but the party does not have to feature policies they don’t want to on the manifesto. This means that a party could have policies that the public may not agree with and only bring them in after they have been elected. Another problem with this system is how representative parliament actually is.. The term â€Å"representative† means the people are represented. This  includes all people such as men, women, homosexuals and ethnic minorities. In the House of Lords and the House of Commons, this is not the case. The figures for women and ethnic minority population in the two houses are below. House of Commons: Ethnic minorities: 1.4% Women 19.6 House of Lords: Ethnic minorities: 1.5% Women: 18.3% These figures demonstrate that our representative system is not as democratic as it might first appear.. In conclusion, there are several advantages and disadvantages of Representative democracy, but I have looked over them many times and every time I have analyzed the figures, points and facts I found that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages so the system we use today may not be working at the level we would expect it to be run. Now the question that is asked should be is Representative Democracy the best political system for our country to use?

Definition of a Phase Diagram

Definition of a Phase Diagram Definition: For a given substance, it is possible to make a phase diagram which outlines the changes in phase (see image to the right). Generally temperature is along the horizontal axis and pressure is along the vertical axis, although three-dimensional phase diagrams can also account for a volume axis. Curves representing the Fusion curve (liquid/solid barrier, also known as freezing/melting), the Vaporization curve (liquid/vapor barrier, also known as evaporation/condensation), and the Sublimation curve (solid/vapor barrier)) can be seen in the diagram. The area near the origin is the Sublimation curve and it branches off to form the Fusion curve (which goes mostly upward) and the Vaporization curve (when goes mostly to the right). Along the curves, the substance would be in a state of phase equilibrium, balanced precariously between the two states on either side. The point at which all three curves meet is called the triple point. At this precise temperature and pressure, the substance will be in a state of equilibrium between the three states, and minor variations would cause it to shift between them. Finally, the point at which the Vaporization curve ends is called the critical point. The pressure at this point is called the critical pressure and the temperature at this point is the critical temperature. For pressures or temperatures (or both) above these values, essentially there is a blurry line between the liquid and gaseous states. Phase transitions between them do not take place, although the properties themselves can transition between those of liquids and those of gases. They just do not do so in a clear-cut transition, but metamorph gradually from one to another. For more on phase diagrams, including three-dimensional phase diagrams, see our article on states of matter. Also Known As: state diagram, change of phase diagram, change of state diagram

Free Essays on Middle East

Conflict on Holy Ground The Arab-Israeli conflict is one of the most prolonged and bloody conflicts in not only modern history, but in the ancient world as well. The roots of the conflict, as well as the arguments on both sides, are as diversified and complicated as the conflict itself. The conflict between the Arabs and the Israelis has gone on for many years with both sides believing the other to be the cause. The aftermath of the First World War saw the worlds first foreshadow of things to come. Many Arabs believe that the existence of Israel is an act of war. Therefore making the mind set that permeates throughout the region irrational at best. To better understand the conflict. The history of the two parties involved must first be understood. To better understand we must first think of the conflict as a clash between two separate but equally powerful ideologies, the Arab or Islamic and the Jewish or Zionist ideology. Arabs have a long history in the Middle East but that history is not easily explained. Before there was Islam and the area was unified the Arabs were conquered and ruled over by various groups, including the Romans at one point (Glubb 23). At this point in history, most of the Arabic peninsula was inhabited by nomadic tribes who raised various livestock (Glubb 25). There are few accurate historical accounts about the Arabic people. Most of what is known about the Arabic people in that region comes from travelers such as Herodotus, who although he a great historian, did not fully understand the peoples way of life, and therefore could not accurately paint a picture of what their lives were like (Payne 3). The accounts that he does give are not to be taken as accurate truth about the land or the people. One account of the landscapes demonstrates Herodotus’ lack of knowledge on the subject; he says, â€Å"frankincense trees are always surrounded by a swarm of winged and bright ly colored serpents† (Payne 3). The fac... Free Essays on Middle East Free Essays on Middle East Conflict on Holy Ground The Arab-Israeli conflict is one of the most prolonged and bloody conflicts in not only modern history, but in the ancient world as well. The roots of the conflict, as well as the arguments on both sides, are as diversified and complicated as the conflict itself. The conflict between the Arabs and the Israelis has gone on for many years with both sides believing the other to be the cause. The aftermath of the First World War saw the worlds first foreshadow of things to come. Many Arabs believe that the existence of Israel is an act of war. Therefore making the mind set that permeates throughout the region irrational at best. To better understand the conflict. The history of the two parties involved must first be understood. To better understand we must first think of the conflict as a clash between two separate but equally powerful ideologies, the Arab or Islamic and the Jewish or Zionist ideology. Arabs have a long history in the Middle East but that history is not easily explained. Before there was Islam and the area was unified the Arabs were conquered and ruled over by various groups, including the Romans at one point (Glubb 23). At this point in history, most of the Arabic peninsula was inhabited by nomadic tribes who raised various livestock (Glubb 25). There are few accurate historical accounts about the Arabic people. Most of what is known about the Arabic people in that region comes from travelers such as Herodotus, who although he a great historian, did not fully understand the peoples way of life, and therefore could not accurately paint a picture of what their lives were like (Payne 3). The accounts that he does give are not to be taken as accurate truth about the land or the people. One account of the landscapes demonstrates Herodotus’ lack of knowledge on the subject; he says, â€Å"frankincense trees are always surrounded by a swarm of winged and bright ly colored serpents† (Payne 3). The fac... Free Essays on Middle East The Middle East has been a hot bed for political unrest since the end of World War I, when the Western Powers initially divided it up. Today is no different. Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq, is a constant threat to the countries that surround him. The United States’ top officials believe that he has weapons of mass destruction, and he has shown that he has the will to use them. However, going to war unilaterally is not the best route for dealing with Hussein. It will only further destabilize the region, distract efforts against the war on terrorism, and cost both too many lives and too much money. Iraq is a country located in south-west Asia. It has a population of 22,345,000 and the official language is Arabic. It is not a third world country, and 70% of the country is urban. The main import is military weapons and the main export is oil. Since 1968, Iraq’s government has been a dictatorship, the Baath Party, led by Saddam Hussein. They have managed to eliminate any opposing political activity. In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, a small neighboring country that is rich with oil. Kuwait was a US ally and produced much of the petroleum that was consumed by the United States. The United Nations demanded that Iraq withdraw from Kuwait, but they did not. A coalition of 39 countries sent troops and aid to Kuwait, including the United States, which sent 100,000’s. The other leading countries were Egypt, France, Great Britain, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. The war lasted for just over one month. Following the war, US troops entered North Iraq, where they helped fleeing Kurdistans. The Kurds had tried to rebel against the Iraq government while they were struggling mightily against the UN coalition, but they were put down. Iraq suffered greatly from the war. It is estimated that 100,000 Iraqis died, as opposed to only 370 coalition troops. However, Saddam Hussein stayed in power because it was feared his removal would hurt the c...

Physicians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physicians - Essay Example Allowing people to select their own doctors will decrease the health care costs in the economy. This move will create an environment whereby Physicians will compete for clients thus leading to better services since physicians will be expecting more referrals from satisfied consumers (Dingwall 59). Doctors should not be licensed. According to the proponents of licensing, information asymmetries in the medical filed is the main aim of licensing since the government needs to protect consumers. Patients do not have prior knowledge of the quality of services to be provided but word-of mouth through referrals and doctor reputation can solve the information asymmetry problem (Dingwall 88). The consumer has still considerable market power since he can shop elsewhere for medical services if the service provided is either expensive or poor thus improving the quality of medical services. Licensing alone is not the best solution to protect the consumers since certification is enough to rid out the incompetent health service providers. Proponents of licensing argue that it makes the licensed Physicians provide competent services in an ethical manner since it makes them accountable for the health outcomes of patients (Dingwall 97). If there was no licensing, the price of Physician services will decline since there would be more competition among the physicians thus leading to reduction in costs. The need to comply with the licensing requirements also increases the costs of services and leads to more litigations that also raise the prices of services (Shi and Singh 78). If the medical field was not regulated, the quality of medical care would increase. Licensing reduces the number of available physicians and inflates the medical costs that limiting the access of health care by the poor population. Licensing also stifles

Paternal Absence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paternal Absence - Essay Example According to children, the prime depressing phase of divorce is the loss of contact of a parent. Temporarily, society is recently starting to recognize on a general basis what children have known all along: Father-absence is one of the most destructive forces to children in our society. Father-absence is the highest social dilemma we face. Correlated with divorce and sole maternal custody, paternal absence is the crucial forecaster of a host of societal ills influencing and devastating children (Wood). Even from an impartial on sexual category discussion on parental absence, the fact remains that in more or less 90% of divorced families, the mother has custody of the children. This result stems from a lawful precedence, often cited as the "doctrine of tender years," which affirms that children up to 6 years of age depend a great deal on the mother for the provision of the physical and developmental needs of the children. This precedence has been substituted by the "best interest standard," which is still heavily weighted in favor of the parent who has spent the most time with the children in the past, rather than in favor of the parent better able to provide for the child in the present or future. This standard tremendously favors the mother ("Children of Divorce: Father's Absence"). The decline of paternity... lity and teenage pregnancy; weakening academic success; depression, drug abuse, and estrangement among adolescents; and the growing number of women and children in poverty (Popenoe). Fathers are the primary and most significant men in the lives of girls. They serve as role models, accustoming their daughters to male-female relationships. Engaged and responsive fathers play with their daughters and guide them into challenging activities. They shield and provide them with a sense of physical and emotional protection. As they grow older, girls with sufficient fathering are more able to build positive heterosexual relationships based on trust and intimacy (Popenoe). Why does growing up fatherless pose such risks for children Two explanations are frequently given: The children get fewer supervision and protection from men their mothers bring home, and they are also more psychologically deprived, which leaves them susceptible to sexual abusers. Even a hard-working absent father cannot manage or protect his children the way a live-in father can. It is also doubtful to have the kind of relationship with his daughter that is typically required to give her a solid base of emotional security and a model for platonic or no-sexual relationships with men (Popenoe). Fatherlessness encourages anti-social behavior as well as delinquency and psychological crisis. Criminal behavior of children, and in particular boys, is promoted by father-absence. The problems with not having fathers in the lives of children can be so cruel that they can cause an 86% increase in the chances that a child will become a psychotic criminal. A few of the extensively identified statistics of the ills, and cost to society of father-absence comprise; 90% of all homeless and runaway children, 70% of juveniles

The Concept of Status Consumption With Regard to How a Marketer Might Essay

The Concept of Status Consumption With Regard to How a Marketer Might be Able to Use Status to Market a Specific Brand or Product Type - Essay Example People with high degree of honour in society are simply referred to have status. Logically, people with high social status have much recognition than people with low social status. In this direction, there are people who believe that real success in life has to do with the attainment of status. Regrettably though, Waytz (2009) observes that the eagerness to acquire social status leads to aggressive and self-defeating behaviour. However, once achieved, becoming a person of status or class live its ‘benefactors’ with a conventional ways of life. One of these conventional ways of life has to do with what these people with social status consume: thus status consumption. As there become a pedigree of standard placed on the kind of purchases people with status consume, marketing as an industry also become a benefactor if well harnessed with status consumption (Haruna, 2003). What is Status consumption? Schertz et al (2007) argue that status consumption has to do with the †Å"intent of showing off wealth to others when the good is publicly consumed – ranging from applying an expensive lipstick in public to driving an expensive car† (p. 2). ... As Maiese (2004), notes in Harold (1983, 113), there could be several reasons accounting for why people would consume conspicuously but the most outstanding reason could be due to the fact that â€Å" most societies do have some form of social hierarchy with some people in stronger, more dominant positions, and other people in weaker, lower positions.† So in other for the one-time ‘ordinary’ person to be noticed and accorded necessary social respect, he or she would then resort to status consumption. Again, with the blame still going to society as the cause of status consumption, it would be in place to argue that society expects people occupying certain positions to live within a certain conventional class. To this effect society always want to see people such as politicians, music icons, movie stars and sports personalities own certain property, that are tagged as expensive or of class. These are the major reasons why status consumption continues to exist among both the one-time ‘ordinary’ person and the so-called people with status. There are people who presume that status consumption automatically leads to social status acquisition. This is of course another reason why people resort to status consumption. To such people, there is a level of benefit to them. Nobel Laureate economist, John Harsanyi, said that â€Å"apart from economic payoffs, social status seems to be the most important incentive and motivating force of social behavior† (Waytz, 2009). For this reason, people who succumb to status consumption with the hope of gaining social status get a level of psychological satisfaction of the presumed lens with which society sees them. Empirical Scenarios of Status Consumption One group of people

PSY 435 Full Course Material Essay Example for Free

PSY 435 Full Course Material Essay

Balancing Politics and Pedagogy :: Bilingual Education Classroom Language Essays

Balancing Politics and Pedagogy Thesis: Research over the past thirty years shows conflicting evidence for or against bilingual education leading to a heated debate between educators and politicians with bilingual education becoming a scapegoat for a number of educational issues, perhaps hiding the real causes of Hispanic difficulties from the critics. Proposition 227, the so-called "English for Children" law, abolished thirty years of bilingual education in California in June, 1998, forcing students who are not fluent in English into all-English classes in all subjects all the time. Bilingual education, according to Krashen, is the target of critics who list a number of objections (1). Newspapers and TV are often against bilingual education. They say that bilingual education is not functioning, while students learn English very well without it. They also say that the majority of parents and teachers are not in favor of it. Another argument is that bilingual education is only for Spanish speakers and not for those who have different writing systems. In addition, it is true that there are not enough teachers for bilingual education (1). Furthermore, the dropout rate of Hispanic children in the U.S. is still high even after thirty years of efforts. Research of the past thirty years shows no justification for bilingual education, clai ms Porter (28). However, it may be a fallacy to conclude that bilingual education is not working. Bilingual education has become a scapegoat for a number of educational issues, perhaps hiding the real causes of Hispanic difficulties from the critics. The issue of bilingual education is not new. In fact, its history in the U.S. has vacillated between acceptance and rejection. During the nineteenth century, instruction was given in a wide variety of foreign languages, such as German, Polish, Italian, Dutch or any other language that parents demanded. Between 1897 and 1915, thirteen states changed their policies to requiring English instruction in basic subjects such as math, science, and geography from fears of a so-called "babel of tongues" (Zimmerman 39). By the end of World War I, thirty-seven states had limited foreign language instruction including explicit prohibitions on German in favor of "100 percent Americanism" (39). After the war, public schools became open to a wide range of foreign language instruction; however, in fact, only 20 percent of high school students were taught in any non-English language class by 1949. Immigrant parents, says Zimmerman, wanted their children to learn English as a vehicle of social mobility in America instead of taking courses in their native languages (39).

Ppt of Indian Retailing

Indian online stores getting hooked to e-community culture   [pic]More often than not, it's being argued that online shopping is convenient but yet an isolated activity. This format of easy-to-order-easy-to-deliver has been catching up with the tech-savvy buyers but it has always been looked upon as option out of necessity and not pleasure. In order to break this monotony, the concept of e-socializing was introduced to the online buying experience. Apart from a few established online stores, most of new entrants and the upcoming e-retail ventures are banking heavily on the rising popularity of social networking within the online shopping domain. There are a number of major international e-stores who initiated the coupling of online shopping with social networking. Online giants like e-bay started their buyers' â€Å"Community† which was then followed by arch-rival Amazon's popular â€Å"Daily Blog† section. The e-community trend has now moved-in to the Indian shopping terrain as well. Most of the upcoming Indian online stores and the Indian counterparts of the already established inter-nation e-retail brands are reaping in the benefits of shoppers' community and the latest Web 2. 0 technology to create a loyal consumer base out of their readily generated user traffic on the sites. Some of the popular community-based Indian shopping portals for your reference include: – ebay India: The global retail giant's Indian venture has a shoppers' community dedicated to registered users willing to chat, discuss, ask questions, leave messages and even leave feedback for the portal. Retailsdirect: This site is arguable India's first interactive store ever. If you have anything to share, discuss, ask or answer on any issue/subject including shopping, this site has it. It also has video conferencing, (or Video-Voice Text-Chat facility, as they term it) and is based on Web 2. 0 technology. – Hindustanlink: A site where you can do a lot more than shopping, including activities like Forum discussions, Blogging and Questions-Answers section as well. All in all, Indian shopping portals need to take a leaf out of their international counterparts' online strategies. After the emergence and expansion of global shopping portals like eBay, Kaboodle, Zebo etc. , there many e-stores of Indian origin which need to incorporate the concept of social networking to add that ‘zing' lacking in them. Until then, the aforesaid e-stores are there to bring in your friends and favorite brands while you choose to laze around at home!!! (no offense intended) Why not to shop at the malls again!! Before I start off with this lens, I would like to ask you as to when was the last time you went shopping to your nearest shopping mall? A week ago, a month back, and some would probably say that they have these virtual stores to shop for them and deliver goods like a trained pet, right? Hence, the question arises that with so much that an online store has to offer, do we really need shopping malls at all? As the famous saying goes, â€Å"There is nothing permanent in this world except change†, it can be easily applied to the ever-changing trends in the retail industry. The whole ‘sale and purchase' idea got a new meaning with the advent of online version of shopping. Today, it would not be advisable for any educated online shopper to hop back to shopping at the malls. The big players in the online retail scene in India are trying every trick in their bags to convert online users into traffic and then converting it into visitors, then into buyers and finally, into a loyal consumer base. For this, the focus has shifted from merely providing products online to social communities and special offers which can only be availed at these virtual stores. With the prospects of becoming a long-term successful industry, major e-stores like Indiamart, Futurebazaar, Retailsdirect and Indiaplaza are relying heavily on the online retail boom. They are leaving no stone unturned in accelerating the conversion rate of its user traffic. The most bankable factor for drawing in consumers from the offline domain is the ‘convenience' factor of online shopping. The most effective strategies of the major Indian e-stores are as follows: – Indiamart: It is a common platform for the online buyers and sellers, i. e. , a B2B marketplace. Highlights – Upcoming trade shows, divergent industry updates, international trade leads, tender notice via emails etc. – Futurebazaar: The finest brands online, user-friendly and simple design. Highlights – Clearance sales, buying in bulk offers – Retailsdirect: India's first interactive store with a Video-Voice-Text-Chat facility. Highlights- Group Bargains (Savings of upto 33% on products by creating groups to bargain), Cafe Retail (Earn redeemable RD coins, upload videos and photos) – Indiaplaza: US based shopping portal meant for trading and shipping to India and worldwide. Highlights – Airtel gift certificates, Gifts to India. The above strategies are a clear indication that the trend of online shopping is not merely restricted to the selection and buying process. One can use the wide reach and accessibility of the internet and various social media tools to develop interest and loyalty among the customers. So the next time you feel like shopping, chuck out shopping at the over-crowded malls and rather catch up with friends online and relax while you shop for your favourite products. Why are Indians apprehensive to online shopping? [pic]The Internet provides a progressive dimension to most of the industries on global platform. The retail industry has also benefited from its online version which has resulted in the growth and expansion of the sector worldwide. In India, e-commerce has been on a slow track in comparison to other parts of the world. There has been a visible growth in the e-retail sector yet the industry is being seen in its incipient stage. Earlier, the reasons cited for the weak response towards online shopping was blamed on the lack of Internet facilities and inadequate online transaction facilities available in the market. Since then, there has been technological boom in India. Now, the Internet is easily accessible to urban India and even rural pockets are getting Internet accessibility at select places. Growth in the credit card industry and other online transaction methods has also been a boon for e-shopping. Despite the recent developments, response to online trading and transaction has been feeble in this part of the world. Some of the reasons which potentially work against the industry in India include: – Bargaining is not possible – Product trial is generally unavailable – Insecurity surrounding the credibility of a shopping portal – Delays in product delivery – Lack in the variety of products – Social networking is restricted – Preference to real-time shopping for get-togethers The above mentioned reasons clearly indicate that apart from online activities like travel ticket booking and online broking, e-commerce still has a long way to go before earning the faith of the consumers. More innovative and tangible options are still awaited before the shopaholic appetite of the quintessential Indian is satisfied by these virtual stores. What is Your Brand Personality? [pic]How would you differentiate Nike's ‘Just do it' from Reebok's ‘I am what I am'? Both sell the same products, at almost the same prices and hold the same target audience. Still Nike's ‘Sweat and Beauty' sells more than Reebok's ‘We know you suck'. Needless to say that in such markets people don't turn to these brands for their offerings but because of the attitude these brands represent. These brands no longer offer mere products now, they are living experiences and identities in the minds of the consumers. Consumers now view these brands as a ‘living entity' – an entity that speaks its mind, reflects its attitude and acts as an aide in acknowledging their eccentricities and whims. That is what we call- BRAND PERSONALITY! The catch for this new generation of consumers is ‘ Be their friend'. The clutter and pressures of today's lifestyle has left the consumer flustered and beclouded. Loneliness is another hazard. However, the good news is people cling on to where they find value and stay where they find comfort. Therefore without infusing a feeling of security, accountability and ‘liking' in the mind of the consumer, brand loyalties are difficult to achieve. How to render a personality to your online brand WHAT IS YOUR GOAL? If your goal is to generate sales through your venture then the first step will be to initiate an exhaustive research about your domestic as well the world market, determine SEO strategies, optimize shopping cart and navigation functionalities along with other e-paths. IS YOUR HOMEPAGE YOUR CONSUMER'S HOME? Your homepage is your first interface with the visitor. Ensure that it makes him to stick to it by giving him what he wants, there itself. Banners displaying your core product or benefits for your consumer will act as a bait to hook him into reading more about it. Colorful pictures, layouts, interactive templates follow suit. THE HUMAN TOUCH! The most important element in building a brand, online as well as offline is ‘trust'. The more real your conversations are with your consumers, the more accountable your business becomes in their mind. Internet is still in its nascence as far as this interactivity is concerned. If feasible, allow your consumers to raise requests and receive relevant suggestions based on those requests. HIT THE BULL'S EYE IN THE FIRST GO! Your site content should be presented to your customers almost immediately. Content segregation in the form of bullets points, captions and brief paragraphs work best. Most importantly, visual presentations of messages are very helpful in creating an impression in the mind of the consumers. CREATING HYPE – A BIG NO, NO! Internet provides you with a flood of information in a no-pressure environment, with reigns solely in the hands of the users. Therefore traditional monotones of creating hype lose their credibility in this medium, where consumer behavior is regulated by product/price comparisons, variety and features. As mentioned above, people associate a brand with the experience it gives to its customers. In e-commerce environment, there is no space or time for frustration. Information should be easily digested. Ordering should be quick and smooth and loading time almost instantaneous. The idea is to catch the whim of the consumer and make him feel ‘special' and ‘cared for'. That's when a brand attains its own personality and becomes the consumer's friend. The rise and rise of Online Retail! The globe is finally at your fingertips. Human numbers may be expanding by the second but distances have finally shrunk. Investing money is a tradition. Investing time is the newest wrinkle. People don't mind spending the almighty rupiyah for a pair of Levi's Red Loop jeans if buying the same from an online store takes just a few minutes. Else driving an hour to reach the high street to buy it seems nothing less than a sluggish idea. Time and time alone stands as the new age currency today. And taking this as an opportune pedestal to climb higher, entrepreneurs have finally entered the new arena of Online Retail. Say, you had already seen your favourite digital camera at a store in a mall. What say if you found the same product at a much better price in the comfort of your home- on the web, at half the time you spent shopping offline Well, the web is serving all this and more to its online customers. According to the NASSCOM Report, India expects a massive mass of internet users. Even the big brands have already found their space on web. Whether it is the Luxury Retail, Kids Retail, Mobile Telephony or other Consumer Electronics, the high street e-stores are on a roll. The challenge however is to engage that portion of the mob, which visit the sites but go away without spending any bucks. The reason? Their distrust. This section of online turf is not comfortable transacting on the net because of their fear of e-stores mishandling their precious information. This population is almost half of the total online populace. If online retail portals begin to instill a security factor in the minds of their consumer base, half their battles will be won! expresss your opinion [pic]Do click on the responses given below if you feel like. I would be regularly updating this section with quesitons relating to the retail industry. Feel free to join in. %3A3%3A%7Bs%3A7%3A%22options%22%3Bs%3A180%3A%22393dcaee6fc694e9b6e51f5bc54f3db2%2CVery+safe%2C809c2f553e8895d1e46574138b647172%2Csomewhat+safe%2C9fdcbf05e56c00880a7fb03198847036%2Care+you+kidding+me%3F+whoever+said+online+shopping+was+safe%22%3Bs%3A6%3A%22period%22%3Bs%3A2%3A%2260%22%3Bs%3A8%3A%22question%22%3Bs%3A69%3A%22How+secure+to+you+think+is+the+online+retail+industry+for+a+consumer%3F%22%3B%7D How secure to you think is the onli ne retail industry for a consumer? Very safe 38. 5% [pic] somewhat safe 61. 5% [pic] are you kidding me? whoever said online shopping was safe 0%

An Annotated Bibliography on Multi-cultural Education

Mary Stone Hanley, a teacher in the Teacher Certification Program of Antioch University in Seattle, explains and elaborates some of the issues concerning multicultural education and gives a brief history of the subject as well as a few suggestions for its improvement in â€Å"The Scope of Multicultural Education†. She explains the ideals and goals of a multicultural approach to education and the possible ways of achieving them through citations of works from other people and of course, from herself.   The main targets of her article are the teachers concerned in teaching multicultural groups of students. Her article can also be used to inform other people about the subject of multicultural education. She is still continuing further researches for the development of multicultural education. John Morefield. â€Å"Recreating Schools For All Children.† New Horizons for Learning. John Morefield conducted extensive researches for the availability of good education for â€Å"all† children. When he became the principal of Hawthorne Elementary School in Seattle, Washington, he promised the community that entering kindergartners would graduate with skills at or above expected grade level competency. Thus his researches on what works in diverse communities. His targets are all concerned audiences with emphasis to fellow teachers. His article specifies twelve characteristics that he thinks are needed to have a successful school. He explains that since it is widely accepted that American education has been biased and racist, it is now time to move on and prepare a better future of education for all the children of the world. Rey A. Gomez. â€Å"Teaching with a Multicultural Perspective.† ERIC digest. Gomez explains that to teach with a multicultural perspective will encourage understanding and appreciation of one’s own culture, as well as others. He suggests that the use of this perspective in teaching could promote a sense of uniqueness and specialty to his own culture to the child and therefore making the child create a same sense of perspective when viewing other’s cultures. He also suggests that multicultural programs should not utterly focus on only the other’s cultures to the extent that a stereotype is created within the class. In his article, Morefield also reminds the parents of the children attending multicultural schools of the `myths’ that usually lead to the stereotype behaviors of their children toward multiculturalism. Wilson, Keith. â€Å"Multicultural Education.† EdChange. Wilson is an associate professor at the Pennsylvania State University. In his article, he gives a definition of Multicultural Education, and gives examples of the pros and cons of Multicultural Education. He cites some views from other writers to complement their views. He also gives a few suggestions on as to how a multicultural education program may succeed. Burnett, Gary. Varieties of Multicultural Education: An Introduction. ERIC Digest 98. Burnnet compares and contrast some of the programs that represent the current multicultural education typologies. He explains in his article some of the current programs that are currently being used to aid in multicultural education for the benefit of those who would like to create their own policies and or programs for the advancement of multicultural education. He cites some articles concerning debates about the effectiveness of some of the programs to back up his explanations. Milk, Robert-Mercado, Carmen-Sapiens, Alexandria. Rethinking the Education of Teachers of Language Minority Children: Developing Reflective Teachers for Changing Schools. NCBE Focus. The article’s main idea is how to make the teachers more ‘language minority students’ friendly. They wish to clarify and explain the roles of the teachers on the educational lives of the students. They cited several works of other people to further explain the importance of the teacher’s role in the political, demographic, and programmatic statuses of the schools that teach language minority students. They give suggestive guidelines for the teachers to help them in teaching language minority students. Attinasi, John. â€Å"Academic Achievement, Culture, and Literacy: An Introduction.† NCREL. He relates his own ideas and experiences to the audience to explain his, and other’s views about multicultural education. In this article, he introduces multiculturalism by relating it to his views of â€Å"closure† and â€Å"processes† and then states a few brief history of the evolution of multiculture. He then gives a few guidelines and information on how multiculturalism can imply changes on the way of teaching in a school with diversely cultured students. Gollnick, Donna M. – Chinn, Philip C. Multicultural Education for Exceptional Children. ERIC Digest #E498. Gollmick and Chinn stress the importance of multicultural education on the growing population of the U.S. in their article. They also give importance to the purposes of multiculturalism in the education world. They also stress the importance of the teacher’s roles and their curriculums on the multicultural students. and then they give suggestion on as to how to create a non-biased and effective curriculum for teachers, or for schools, who handle multiculturally diverse classes. Their article is a good preview of how important is the need for improvement of multiculture education. Cohen, Cheryl. Teaching about Ethnic Diversity. ERIC Digest No. 32. Cohen explains the importance of Ethnic Diversity as part of the curriculum to be used for students. He also gives stress to the effective procedures to be used in teaching Ethnic Diversity. Basically, it is an informative article that emphasizes the importance of Ethnic Diversity in a curriculum for students. Its main audiences are teachers and the vast American children of different ethnical backgrounds. Covert, Bob and Gorski, Paul. Defining Multicultural Education. EdChange Gorski and Covert give hints as to what does Multicultural Education really mean. They show that there is almost no two classrooms that has the same definition for Multicultural Education. Then they give examples of aspects of multicultural education. They state the importance of the definition on the possible transformations it could cause to the society. They also stated a possible goal of multicultural education which is to affect social change of the world. References: Attinasi, J. (1994). Academic Achievement, Culture, and Literacy: An Introduction. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from the NCREL database. Website: http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/educatrs/leadrshp/le0att.htm Burnnet, G. (1995). Varieties of Multicultural Education: An Introduction. ERIC Digest 98. ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education New York NY. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from the ERIC digest database. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED372146. Website: http://www.ericdigests.org/1995-1/multicultural.htm Chinn, P. and Gollnick, D. (1991). Multicultural Education for Exceptional Children. ERIC Digest #E498. ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education New York NY. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from the ERIC digest database. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED333620. Website: http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9220/exceptional.htm Cohen, C. (1986). Teaching about Ethnic Diversity. ERIC Digest No. 32. ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education New York NY. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from the ERIC digest database. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED273539. Website: http://www.thememoryhole.org/edu/eric/ed273539.html Covert, B. and Gorski, P. Defining Multicultural Education. EdChange. Retrieved August 8, 2007, from EdChange database. Website: http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/initial.html Gomez, R. (1991). Teaching with a Multicultural Perspective. ERIC Digest. ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education Urbana IL. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from the ERIC digest database. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED339548. Website: http://www.ericdigests.org/1992-5/perspective.htm Hanley, M. S. (n.d.). The Scope of Multicultural Education. New Horizons for Learning. Retrieved August 8, 2007, from New Horizons for Learning. Website: http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/multicultural/hanley.htm Milk, R.; Mercado, C.; Sapiens, A. (summer 1992). Number 6. NCBE FOCUS: Occasional Papers in Bilingual Education. Retrieved August 8, 2007 from NCBA database. Website: http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/pubs/focus/focus6.htm Morefield, J. (n.d.). Recreating Schools For All Children. New Horizons for Learning. Retrieved August 8, 2007, from New Horizons for Learning. Website: http://www.newhorizons.org/trans/morefield.htm Wilson,K. (n.d.). Multicultural Education. EdChange. Retrieved August 8, 2007, from EdChange database. Website: http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/papers/keith.html