End of Conventional Oil

End of accomplished OilEnd of Conventional OilOil is one of the most important open fires that are world consumed these days. Most of the patience depends upon the petroleum color as they sue it as the fuel. The producers of crude are gaining a commodious metre of money after trading the vegetable oil. Thus the importance of oil is besides imagined as it is considered as the black gold. It is also referred to as the blood of the earth. Thus the large amount of population that is using a huge amount of oil distributively year and that is reducing the reserves of oil. Due to various immanent hazards worry the ozone depletion the chemical reactions that converted the organic material into oil arseholenot take place properly and that is a hindrance in increasing the oil reserves. Thus on that point is a huge threat that the oil ordain be finished soon. There will be a huge impact everyplace our lives with the depletion of the oil.There are some muckle who refer oil to the excrement of the devil or it is also considered as the black blood or the blood of the earth. Whereas there are a lot of masses who would agree that the oil is the blood stream of the economy of the world. This is one reference that support fox numerous contexts and arguments. Thus in some ways the crude oil resembles blood as when it is exposed to the air, it scabs. It is honeyed and organic and moves quite easily through the pipes without creating any sort of friction. The cold oil also coagulates. The oil also supports the fungi and bacteria as it is not sterile. The oil carrying pipes might be found roll out with them growing inside. (Mills)At times it is also referred to as the blood of the dinosaur as it has some link to the ancient living creatures. Most of the geologists take for the point of view that it is not easy to support this ideology with the weapons-grade proof and there was no such link of oil with the living beings. But still there are a number of sci entists that believe in the idea that the oil was formed in the pissing and that later converted into some organism named plankton and that was later dragged into the sea and fed by some sunbeams and indeed they died and buried in the sea.We are moving form an eon of tacky plentiful energy to the age of limited and expensive energy. Thus there is no alternative source for the development of energy that stop replace the need of the oil or the natural gas. There is a perception that if the coal is employ then we survive for decades is also not correct on the whole beca social function that is only true when the grade of the coal do no change at all. The end of the oil does not mean that it has to alter out completely, therefrom it also means that if it becomes very expensive then we will not be able to use it. That will be end of the date of reference when we got the cheap fuel and beginning of the era where fuel gets too expensive to be utilise. (Nersesian)The oil exportin g nations have a motive collectable to which they are pushing the world to be dependent over the oil and thus they are attempt to do their business. Oil is the most expensive business and thus the oil trading nations tend to get a large amount of money in this business that is wherefore they want that the industry should be dependent over the oil so that they should earn a large amount of money.Oil scarceness and the energy crisis will have a huge impact on our lives. Currently entire industry ranging from the domestic use of vehicles to the industrial use and the other machines are all dependent over the oil. The healthcare and the medical centers are also dependent over the oil for the transportation and other services with the oil shortage the price of the transportation and other service will outgrowth resulting in the collapse of umteen industries. This this will not only kill the employment but will also close many a(prenominal) industries resulting in the lack of edu cation and health facilities.The oil is completely different thing then the chaff, wheat is something that can be grown each year resulting in the increase of the amount. The amount of wheat consumed each year is met by growing it the next year. Whereas the oil that was formed in the 4 Billion years, has been used in fewer centuries. It cannot be grown again as these reactions do not take a day or two to generate oil. Large amount of the engineers are working in the oil industry or industries that are very closely linked or dependent over the oil. So if the oil is depleted then the engineers will be jobless. This will highly affect their career and will cease the career opportunities for the people that are interested in this profession. (Lovins)Oil can be replaced by some alternative sources of energy similar using sticks and carrots as a fuel in the cars or the use of the carbon free cars. In the electric production where a large amount of fuel is used for making electricity, t he other sources like solar energy, wind energy and the tidal energy can be used to make it. And thus the oil can be replaced but it is hard to countenance an equal amount of jobs to these people as well. The most invaluable source of energy ever detect is rubbing. When the hands are rubbed they form some energy and heat and thus it is of no much use as the energy is very less and it vanishes in a very less time.The product that I enjoy and that consumes fuel too is a car. It is the most essential thing these days. And it costs a few thousand dollars. The cost pf the car will be way more and it might range to a few lack dollars as the cost of construction will increase to a large amount. That is why the construction cost will increase and that will increase the purchase cost as well.The thou revolution contains a large deal of fertilizers derived from petrochemicals taken out from petroleum. These petrochemicals are formed from the hydrocarbons and ammonia and thus they are easil y available by the plants. Thus the green revolution has a large amount of petrochemicals as these are also not harmful for the plants and forestry.The 9 billion people will have to find the alternative sources of food and they will have to choose the other form of food. They will have to include more fruits and vegetables in their diets that do not contain hydrocarbons. That is the only way the food demands can be met.Without the cheap oil the engineers will find some other source of energy like coal or the gas. That will help them meet the demands of the energy needs in the world. The end of cheap oil will affect all the people and every sector in this world as everything is completely dependent on it and the engineering career will be highly affected as we will not have enough jobs to work in and the wages will also be less.Petroleum is one of the most essential things in the todays world. The cheap oil is the most important factor of every industry as it is used as a fuel. With the depletion of the resources of the cheap oil it has become very important that the other sources of energy should be found so that the world should forestall on working smoothly. The transportation, food, industry everything is based on the oil. The countries that are trading oil prefer to increase the sale and to expand the use in vehicles. With the finishing of the oil the jobs will be reduced and the people will lose their jobs. Oil can be replaced by some alternative sources of energy and in the electric production where a large amount of fuel is used for making electricity, the other sources like solar energy, wind energy and the tidal energy can be used to make it. Alternatives to oil need to be adopted for our benefit.Work CitedLovins, Amory B. Winning the oil endgame innovation for profits, jobs and security. Snowmass, CO bouldered Mountain Institute, 2004. (124)Mills, Robin M. The myth of the oil crisis overcoming the challenges of depletion, geopolitics, and globa l warming. Westport, Conn. Praeger, 2008. (76)Nersesian, Roy L. Energy for the 21st century a all-encompassing guide to conventional and alternative sources. Armonk, N.Y. M.E. Sharpe, 2007. ebook. (102)

Gaining And Maintaining Airworthiness Engineering Essay

Gaining And Maintaining Airworthiness Engineering probeAircraft design process k nonted in varied discip transmission channels such(prenominal) as aerodynamics, organizes, rush mechanics and so forth Therefore, for an airwavecraft to become running(a) it is essential to demonstrate that the construction and design of the aircraft can comply with the trainments relevant and such verification and validation evidence required to be delegated to the relevant authorities.This report introduces Airworthiness and provides the reader the framework involved in gaining airworthiness and how to maintain it subsequently.IntroductionConsideration of airworthiness policies has its origins since the archaeozoic days of war machine flying. But aircraft design info has been recorded prior to 1910 for balloons and the olympian Aircraft F moldory has produced a design requirement document in 1916. The sprightly Navigation Act that is sanction by the Home Office in 1911 to ban flying in pop ulated atomic number 18as is an early example of ripety regulation.Airworthiness Department has been worked decade later by the Royal Aircraft Factory (as part of the Air Ministry), which is the beginning of procedures for company design approvals and sanction data.Aircraft airworthiness means compliance with relevant airwave authorities regulations that corrects the minimum skillfulty level of the aircraft, of the passengers transported and the over flown territories.When designed and built fit to applicable requirements,When operated within its intended environment and within its quantified and declared limitations,And maintained in accordance with procedures delicious to the prudent part.The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) Regulation 216/2008, Article 5, 2(c) sics the airworthiness asEach aircraft shall be issued with an idiosyncratic certificate of airworthiness when it is shown that it conforms to the fiber design approved in its type-certificate and that relevant documentation, inspections and tests demonstrate the aircraft is in condition for safe operationThe Airworthiness is a collective duty of operators, authorities, manu positionures and concern organisations. An airworthy aircraft is atomic number 53 where the likelihood of any fortuity or accident as a result of malfunction, get alongance or handling of the aircraft is kept to acceptable levels. The only real measure of airworthiness in use is given by tracking and analyzing incidents and accidents. The remaining sections forget discuss the essence of Gaining and Maintaining Airworthiness.Figure 01 Airworthiness Collective ResponsibilitiesImplementation of AirworthinessAuthority (EASA) confidence that the design of a harvest-feast complies with the applicable requirements based on Certification of the organisation (IR 21 DOA) Certification of the design of products (CS 25 TC)DO ApprovalAccording to European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), frame Organisation Approv al (DOA) requirements Implementing restrain (IR) part 21 (published as annex to European Commission Regulation (EC) No 1702/2003) embroils procedural requirements applicable either to the industry (Section A) or to the Competent Authorities (Section B) but crack 21 does not include provisions to delegate EASA authority and / or signature to individuals.Certification of aircraft and related products, parts and appliances, and of design and output signal organisationsOrganisations moldiness demonstrate pastime key elements in order to throw DO Approval.Design assumption SystemHandbookRight PeopleTerms of ApprovalObligations of the h olderFigure 02 DOA Key ElementsDesign Organisation Approval (DOA) Organisation StructureFollowing diagram illustrates a simplified organisation structure demonstrating the essential elements in an aircraft design and manufacturing organisation.Figure 03 Design Organisation StructureChief Executive ships officer (CEO)Responsible for appropriate f unctioning of the work place by ensuring availability of required resources.Designated Certification specialiser (DCS)Airworthiness specialist nominated for a given discipline (ATA or Sub-ATA level or for Approved Manuals) to feed out the certification tasks, in particular to manage the compliance demonstration activities for their domain.Part of the airworthiness function and act under the control of Product Integrity.Certification Manager (CM)Certification control board leaders for their area of competence, enter in the development of new certification strategiesThe CM is the interface with Aviation Authorities at panel level for primary TC, foreign certification / validation activities and for allocated major changes.Chief Airworthiness Engineer (CAE)Responsible for leading and coordinating the certification and airworthiness activities for the programme.Supported by a team usually called the CAE team composed ofA fictitious character Certification Manger (TCM)An Individual Aircraft Certification Manager (IACM)A Continued Airworthiness Manager (CAM)Type CertificationType certification is the process demonstrating that the design of an aircraft complies with the applicable aviation requirements. Certification process could be a new type certificate new aircraft (ex. Airbus A380), Amended Type certification model or derivative (ex Airbus A350 1000) and significant major changes to the type design (ex. A330-200 Passenger to Freighter)To grant and EASA Type Certificate, aircraft manufacture shall obtain first a DOA (Design Organisation Approval) covering the relevant product (aircraft type) and excessively shall demonstrate its capability to design, avow and ensure the continued airworthiness of its products in accordance with the certification limitedation (CS-25) and Environmental protection (CS-34, CS-36) requirements.To manufacture and trouble to service series aircraft, manufacture must then obtain a POA (Production Organisation Approval) and est ablish relationship between DOA POA.Flight TestFlight testing process could be potentially genuinely risk of infectiony and extremely expensive due to unforeseen occupation s result in sack of life (both crew and people on the ground) and damage to the aircraft. Due to this reasons modern flight testing is one of the most safety conscious operations. Typically there are dickens types of flight test programs, armed forces and commercialized. There is a significant difference between military and commercial flight testing where commercial test programs are carried out to certify the aircraft meets all required safety and performance requirements where as military programs involved in aircraft manufactures designing and building aircraft to government contracts to meet ad hoc mission capabilities. Initiation of flight test preparations for both commercial and military aircraft commence well before the aircraft is ready to fly, although due to the fact that the government is fun ding the military projects, involvement of military flight testing is commence much early-on in the design and testing process.Historical Data AnalysisAccording to historical evidence, operational and airframe related risk of a serious accident causes is approximately one per million flight hours but failure problems occurred by aircraft systems problems is about 10 percent of this total amount. Therefore, it is reasonable to argue that systems faults should not allowed serious accidents and it is therefore doable for a new design to change the opportunity of such a serious accident not to be greater than one per ten million flight hours (1 x 10-7).But it is not assertable to identify whether the target can be met until all the aircraft systems has been numerically collectively analysed. Due to this reason its assume that there are about 100 potential failure conditions present arbitrarily which could prevent safe flight and landing of the aircraft. By sharing out equally the t arget allowable risk (x 10-7) equally among these conditions risk allocation result in not greater than 1 x 10-9 to each. Therefore the top(prenominal) risk limit for failure conditions would be 1 x 10-9 for each hour of flight which approximates probability value for the term Extremely Improbable.Analytic techniquesVarious analytical techniques have been developed in line with the above topic to assist Airworthiness Authority and the applicant to carry out a safety analysis, which could bring in systematic qualitative analysis. This technique too important for analyst to perform quantitative assessment when required.The informatory Material Joint (AMJ) identifies both qualitative and quantitative analytical approaches which could used to support JAA mortalal or assist applicant to determine the compliance with the requirement. And it also provides guidance for determining if or when a particular analysis to be conducted. The intended requirement of the analytical tools is supp lement but not to replace operational and engineering judgement.Legal IssuesTo have a basic understanding of the legal requirement is vital for aviation professionals such as pilots, mechanics, air traffic controllers and executives. National and international laws or regulations regulate all aspects of civilian air transportation. To ensure the effectiveness of the legal framework and enforceability of safety aspects, the following basic groups of regulations have been developed.Airworthiness Regulations to defineApplicable procedures, andMinimum safety, technical and performance requirements to be realised and maintain in the aircraft design.Ex EASA Part 21 (aircraft certification procedures), Part M and Part 145 (aircraft forethought) CS-25 (design code for large aircraft)Operational regulations to define the basic rules air traffic has to follow and the minimum requirements for certain kinds of operations, for the aircraft and the person or the organisation.Ex EU-OPS1 mercen ary Air TransportationAfter an accident there is two main investigations (technical legal proceedings) will be conducted. Legal proceedings consist withCivil proceedings which involved in civil claims for restitution by victims and/or their relatives, Commercial proceedings which involved in claims for damages by customer and/or its underwriter (Aircraft repair / loss, Reduction in aircraft residual value, Loss of revenue) and finally Criminal prosecution, in case of remnant / serious injury, in certain jurisdictions (ex France, Germany).Continued AirworthinessAccording to ICAO Doc No 9760-2001 continued Airworthiness defined as The processes that ensure, at any time in its life, an aircraft complies with the technical conditions fixed to the issue of the Certificate of Airworthiness and is in a condition for safe operation. And recommends Contracting states are required to have a system that ensures aircraft are in a condition for safe operation.F. Florio (2006) stated that safe ty is the most important thing which has to be ensuring both time in every flight operations and all the airplanes must be in an air worthy state which is suitable for fly. In other words all the aircrafts must achieve and perform all the procedures in the Airworthiness Directive manual of armss. Furthermore, Florio (2006) also mentioned that continued airworthiness can be rely on two factorsOrganisation operatorsMaintenanceMaintenanceMaintenance can be explained as alterations, inspections, replacements of parts of the aircraft. This can be done by taking a record entry for each event such as replacement of LRUs (Line replacement units).According to Florio (2006), Maintenance refers to as preventive maintenance, alterations and repairs and introduction of airworthiness directive and also he stated that airworthiness is rely on the maintenance programmes , which also establish the replacement of time change items , the choke engines, propellers and various parts of appliances.Flor io mentioned that as the part of the product type certifications of aircraft airworthiness authorities requires instructions for continued airworthiness and so these instructions can be identified as the fundamental tools of the maintenance because they are the basic maintenance programmes. These maintenance programmes must cater the requirements of operational and maintenance standards.According to EASA Maintenance programmeEvery aircraft shall be maintained in accordance with the maintenance programmes approved by the competent authority, which shall be periodically reviewed and revise accordingly.The maintenance programme and any subsequent amendments shall be approved by the competent authorityThe maintenance programmes must establish compliance withInstructions for chronic airworthiness issued by the type certificate and the supplementary type certificate holderInstructions issued by the complement authorityInstructions issued by the owner or the operator and approved by the competent authority.RepairsRepair process involves different organisations where, when the products are not with aircraft manufacture, continuing airworthiness is governed by the state of registry or the responsibilities are spread out in organisations.Part 21A subpart M states the repair procedural requirements for certification.Under Part 21 subpart MElimination of damage (21A.431 b)Unrepaired damages (21A.445 a)Out of Part 21 subpart MReplacement without design activity (21A.431c)Repairs design from an approved manual (GM 21A.431 a)Following diagrams illustrates the Airbus repairing process.Figure 04 Airbus Repairing ProcessThe Structure Repair Manual (SRM) describes general repair practices, materials and typical repairs, allowed damages, which are considered applicable to standard repairs. Its approved by aircraft manufacture under DOR privilege.ModificationsChanges made to a particular aircraft aft(prenominal) the issue of the airworthiness certificate is a modification. This could include changes to the structures, systems, powerplants, propellers etc Furthermore, substitution of one type for another also considered as a modification. Any modification requires approval from the Civil Aviation Authority directly or via an approved organisation.During a design modification, details of the change must be given to the authority at early stage where then the modification is classified as minor or major medication according to the nature of the investigation. If the outcome of an investigation requires amendments to the Certificate of Airworthiness or Flight Manual, authority may require following major modification procedures.Incidents and AccidentsFlight safety experts believe that series of events leads to incidents and accidents.Accidents During the operation of an aircraft, result in occurrence associated with a person being fatally or seriously injured from the time any person boards to the aircraft with intention of flight until the time all persons disembarked.Incidents Other than accidents incidents also occurrences which relate to the operation of the aircraft or could collide with the safety of its operation.Aging AircraftCivil Aviation authority has defined Aging aircrafts as An operational aircraft sexual climax the end of its design life assumptions (Alder P. 2005). Aging aircraft can also be called as an older aircraft as well. Since the aircraft are manufacture to provide long lasting services for so many years, all the aircraft must be in an airworthy state and have to be safe to fly. Thus maintenance programmes must be carried out to maintain the aircraft and also aircraft must be operated according to the manufacturers recommendation.Florio F. (2006) stated that, older aircraft require additional care and the maintenance programmes must be carried out in a more specific way than the recently manufactured aircraft. And also he stated that due to the fatigue, accidental damage and also due to the environmental dete rioration more inspection in the components of the structure must require in maintenance programmes. So to maintain airworthiness in older aircrafts manufacturers of the flight has to provide operators with the specific programs. In older aircrafts normally each of the aeroplane components have to undergo or so of the repairs, overhauls, inspection maintenance, preventive maintenance and some replacements of components of the aircraft.Maintenance records have to be update regularly by the operator. Florio F. (2006) states that between operator of the aircraft, manufacturer and also the authority there should be an open communication system. Furthermore he states that once a problem occur the operator or the owner of the aircraft must inform it to the manufacturer and then manufacturer has to wee-wee the recommendations and has to update the appropriate programmes of continued air worthiness. After examination of those maintenance programmes the authorities will approve those.Role of the RegulatorAirworthiness programmes consist of three main roles.RegulatorImplementerInvestigatorCivil Aviation Authority (CAA), European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) are examples for the regulation authorities. These authorities come back and distribute the regulations for aircraft operations for aviation industry.Civil Aviation Authority is the UKs independent specialist regulator. Their main responsibility is to provide world leading air safety environment in the aviation industry. Aircraft licensing, maintenance of specific airworthiness management systems and scotch regulations, consumer protection, policies for airspace and setting up national safety standards can be interpreted as key role of CAA.Regulators involved in few or many roles as follows circumstance up the civil aviation standards and ensure they are achieved.Regulates and encourages airlines, airports and national air traffic services economic activities etcManages th e principal travel protection scheme.Ensure the airspace is a common place for all users by bringing civil and military interests together.Advise the government on aviation issues.Represents consumer interestsConduct scientific and economic research.Provide specialist services by producing statistical data.Conclusion RecommendationAircraft airworthiness means compliance with applicable aviation authorities regulations that defines the minimum safety level of the aircraft, of the passengers transported and the over flown territories and when designed and built according to applicable requirements, when operated within its intended environment and within its quantified and declared limitations and maintained in accordance with procedures acceptable to the responsible Authority. Therefore, The Airworthiness is a collective responsibility of operators, authorities, manufactures and maintenance organisations.

Implementing Technology in Mental Health Practice

Implementing engine room in kind wellness makeIntroductionPeople wish to live a meaningful disembodied spirit even while geting from psychical wellness problems. Adam Clifford, a clinical nurse specialist at Nottinghamshire wellness vexation, wrote Using Video engineering to Manage Mental Health for Learning impediment Practice, he states that 40 percent of the population has additional affable wellness problems. Majority of this xl percent is embarrassed or uneasy in accessing moral health c be (2014). In A Rural young person Consumer office of engineering to Enhance Face-to-Face Mental Health Services from daybook Of nestling & Family Studies scripted by Simone Orlowski who is affiliated with Flinders Human Behavior & Health look whole at Flinders University, explains that psychic health treatment that is aimed towards anxiousness and clinical depression is ground on four main functions information provision, screening, assessment, and monitoring (Lawn, S., Antezana, G., Venning, A., Winsall, M., Bidargaddi, N., & Matthews, B. 2016). Implementing engine room in health c are services stinker offer advantages and disadvantages for the great unwashed with mental health issues. engine room allow positively impact mental health care services, by making it more(prenominal) kindly for pile with throttle financial flexibility and transportation, young adults with mental illnesses testament witness more comfortable seeking aid or advice, and it will pause a better and more accurate fellowship for both the forbearing and professional.Limited financial flexibility and availability of transportMental health care support is a vital aid which is not accessibleto some people because of financial costs and transportation needs. Thepromise and the humans a mental health manpower perspective on engineering-enhanced youthfulness mental health service delivery, an article written by Simone Orlowskifrom BMC Health Services Research, state s thattechnology will make mentalhealth services more accessible for young adults who cause limited financialflexibility or do not have means of transport (2016). The combination oflimited financial and transportation aid gives cut back opportunities formental health care services not located at home. Recent developments from usingonline resources and runny technologies to support mental health care has shown cleansement for people with restricted financial and transportation support. Turvey,C. L, Head of the Department of Psychiatry at tender College of Medicine wrote Recentdevelopments in the use of online resources and ready technologies to supportmental health care for the International check Of Psychiatry, he suggestshouse based health-related peregrine applications and web-based electronic mentalhealth problems as solutions for people who have limited transportation andfinancials (Roberts, L. J. 2015). juvenile adults feel uncomfortable seeking serve well or advice20% of young Australians between the ages of fifteen to nineteensuffer from the symptoms of mental illness and 60% of those teens areuncomfortable seeking help or advice for their mental illness (Orlowski. S,2016). A Rural Youth Consumer Perspective of Technology to EnhanceFace-to-Face Mental Health Services written by Sharon Lawn, the director ofthe Flinders Human Behaviour and Health Research Unit at Flinders University, expressesthat the increase in percentage of teens who feel uncomfortable inquire for helpdecreases engagement for youth towards mental health services, technology hatfulincrease engagement by using similar methods used in teens day to day life (JournalOf Child & Family Studies. Orlowski, S., Antezana, G., Venning, A.,Winsall, M., Bidargaddi, N., & Matthews, B. 2016). Young adults constantlyuse their cellphones and always have them by their side, Turvey from TheInternational Review of Psychiatry states the proposition given for mobile appsin mental health is based on the ideal that they will always be with the uncomplaining. If the mobile device with the app is with them all the time it trickhelp promote their clinical goals for example a person with a chronic psychotic pain would get a notification at medication time. Mild to cultivatedepression and anxiety posterior be treated by other method of self-guided orprofessional facilitated therapies that are delivered via internet. Lastly, thepart that would appeal intimately to young adults is that patient roles can use theseapplications and programs in private with no interactions with professionals(Turvey, C. L., Roberts, L. J. 2015). give away experience for patient and the professionalImplementing technology can make better the experience for both thepatient and professional. Technology can give a more accurate treatment withoutcompletely replacing face to face interactions. It can be implemented throughpredictive analytics, increased consumer gossip, self-management, and inclusivestak eholder communication, these reasons for implementing technology intomental health services are under researched (Orlowski, S., Lawn, S., Antezana,G., Venning, A., Winsall, M., Bidargaddi, N., & Matthews, B. 2016). Extra sensory(prenominal) perception an article from Scientific American written by GershonDublon, a Ph.D. student at the M.I.T. media lab and Joseph A. Paradiso, anassociate professor of media arts and sciences at the Media Lab from thestimulus packet helps piece together how technology will help mental healthcare services. Different sensors described by Dublon and Paradiso will changehow comfortable patients feel in an environment or how professionals can givethe patient a better experience. Temperature sensors can sink thetemperature and relative humidity in the room as measure by dense sensornetwork. Sound sensors will help a patient recognize the movement and sound ina room, so it can be adjusted to their preference. Overall, the temperature andsound sensors will gi ve the professional and patient better control of theenvironment. The data collected by these sensors can be used as references inthe future to experience data from the other(prenominal) in multiple perspectives. GuaravSingh, head of the department of psychiatry at the medical examination College Hospital andResearch Center in Uttar Pradesh, India, wrote Use of diligent cryTechnology to Improve follow-up at a Community Mental Health Clinic ARandomized Control Trial published by Indian Journal of PsychologicalMedicine, in this article he emits the situation that missed appointments are commonin outpatient care for mental health-care services. withal with the need offurther treatment 16-60% will not follow up with their appointments. Thesuggested method for improving follow up in outpatient care is through shortmessage service (SMS) and voice calls via telephone.Counter-argumentThe mental health workforce fears that technology will have anegative effect on their services believe s that it will disclose privacy andconfidentiality from issues within the technology programs (Orlowski, S., Lawn,S., Antezana, G., Venning, A., Winsall, M., Bidargaddi, N., & Matthews, B.2016). Technology is believed to increase the workload for professionals anduphold disengagement from face-to-face therapy. Relating to the idea offace-to-face therapy, in The Historian as Participant from The Historianand the World of the 20th Century written by Arthur Schlesinger Jr. was anAmerican historiographer, social critic, and habitual intellectual, eyewitness registeris considered valuable for historians. In this situation eyewitness history andface-to-face therapy hold a connection in the importance of how eyewitnessescan more accurately identify critical factors in the process of these events. witness history holds a different perspective to history, it shows the waypeople study and feel. When implementing technology into mental health careservices and decreasing the add together of face-to-face contact, the input ofemotions given by the professional is eliminated.SolutionThe carrying into action of technology can be approached from differentangles such as execution programs for mental health care services. SimoneOrlowski states that most technology solutions include mental health self-helpprograms which are more independent for the participant. Cognitive BehavioralTherapy interventions (iCBTs) which treats lowly to moderate mental healthproblems such as depression and anxiety or mobile apps for self-management andself-treatment which will help limit interactions with health professionals to inadequate or none. People with more severe cases of mental problems will viewith self-help programs and will need to consult with professionals. Telepscychiatrywhich is meant for more severe cases that would require input from professionalsvia video conferences. Telepscychiatry can allow patients with limited financialabilities and limited technology availability t o obtain therapy affordable tothem (Lawn, S., Matthews, B., Venning, A., Wyld, K., Jones, G., & Bidargaddi, N. 2016). People in programs like Telepscychiatry are limited tothe variety of mental health professionals available for face-to-face therapy. Mobileapps are one of the aforementioned solutions for mental health care services.The functions back up by mobile apps, online health programs, or personalhealth records crossroad in information and abilities. The three technologicalprograms give standard mental health scales or electronic messages reminders topromote health behavior. Mobile apps are the preferred program which offerfunctions such as targeted educational content, incorporate mental healthassessments, symptom or behavior logs, and context percept or unobtrusivemonitoring (Turvey, C. L., & Roberts, L. J. 2015).ConclusionTechnology will improve mental health care services for youngadults who feel uncomfortable seeking help, people with constrained financialand transpo rting utilities, and it will improve the get across of treatment forboth patient and professional.The mental health workforce is fence tothe implementation of technology because complications in patientconfidentiality and privacy. Technology self-help programs via internet andmobile apps will be available for people suffering from depression, anxiety, andother conditions. Telepscychiatry will be available for people who cannotbenefit from self-help programs. The limitations to these solutions are thelevel the patients conditions and the reduced expertise of professionals thatonly work with face-to-face patients. The implementation of these programs withtheir limitations will improve mental health care services, but not completely wire how it works. ReferencesClifford,A. (2014). Using video technology to manage mental health. Learning Disability Practice, 17(7), 24-28. Dublon,G., & Paradiso, J. A. (2014, July). Extra sensory perception. Scientific American, 38-41.Orlowski,S., Lawn, S., Matthews, B., Venning, A., Wyld, K., Jones, G., & Bidargaddi, N. (2016). The promise and the reality a mental health workforceperspective on technology-enhanced youth mental health service delivery. BMCHealth Services Research, 161-12. inside10.1186/s12913-016-1790-yOrlowski,S., Lawn, S., Antezana, G., Venning, A., Winsall, M., Bidargaddi, N., &Matthews, B. (2016). A Rural Youth Consumer Perspective of Technology to EnhanceFace-to-Face Mental Health Services. Journal Of Child & Family Studies,25(10), 3066-3075. doi10.1007/s10826-016-0472-zSchlesinger,A., Jr. (1971). The historian as participant. In J. Grenville (Author), The historian and the world of the twentieth century (Spring ed., Vol. 100, pp. 339-358).Singh,G., Manjunatha, N., Rao, S., Shashidhara, H. N., Moirangthem, S., Madegowda,R. K., & Varghese, M. (2017). Use of Mobile Phone Technology to Improvefollow-up at a Community Mental Health Clinic A Randomized Control Trial.Indian Journal Of Psychological Medicine, 39(3) , 276-280.doi10.4103/0253-7176.207325Turvey,C. L., & Roberts, L. J. (2015). Recent developments in the use of onlineresources and mobile technologies to support mental health care. InternationalReview of Psychiatry, 27(6), 547-557. doi10.3109/09540261.2015.1087975

Building Maintenance Management Systems

Building Maintenance Management SystemsBuilding victuals charge just like the Cinderella of construction industry. This is because edifice precaution forethought squad has to do various job and bear the function of other(a) parties, namely architects, surveyors, engineers, or facilities managers. Building living worry in like manner has neer been recognized in its own right (Allen, 1993). There atomic itemise 18 numerous definitions of build precaution as it different to different people. According to the contract Institute of Building, create alimony is defined as solve conducted to keep, furbish up or improve every facility, that is every part of a premise, order and its service to an acceptable standard. The accceptable standard is determined by the balance amongst the gather up and available resources. While White suggest that maintenace also is akin with controlling the condition of the mental synthesis so that its feature lies within proper(postnominal) regions (White, 1969). otherwise definition comes from Bushell and quoting from BS 3811, that defines tending as a cabal of any action carry out in order to bear on the things in or restore it to an agreed condition (Bushell, 1985). Another more practical definition mentioned by Allen is the combination of all technical and associated administrative actions to pertuate an item or restore it to a condition that it can achieve its desired function. Hence, twist livelihood is very crucial as it is require since the beginning of the construction period. However, its importance was not recognized (Allen, 1993). Maintenance is essential to stop up the twist perform well and the best over its manners cycle (Olanrewaju, 2009). A regular and good tending of a make may enhance the sustainability of any structure either it a heritage or non-heritage building (Arazi, 2010). Lee (1984) has elaborate more that c be is also required in order to hold in that buildings argon used effectively and economically as possible (Lee, 1984). Mean era, according to the investopedia, efficiency mean the gradation of performance that reflects a process that uses the lowest amount of resources to create the greatest amount of outcomes. Efficiency is an important character as all resources much(prenominal) as time, money and raw materials argon scarce. So, it is selects sense to uphold the resources while maintaining an acceptable level of outcomes or a general production level. effective also can be simply said as minify the amount of wasted resources. Therefore, ensuring efficiency in building tending practices in this paper means the fiddle under bundlen in order to preserve and conserve a building to enhance the value of a building is make with the lowest amount of resources without wasting it.Nevertheless, there are five objectives of building keep that are mentioned by Alner and Fellows (1990). The objectives are to run across that the buildings and thei r associated services are in a safe condition, to ensure the buildings are suited for use, to ensure that the state of the building fulfill all statutory requirements, to run the aid work necessary in order to maintain the value of the building stocks physical asset and also to run the work needful in order to maintain the quality of the building.THE WAYS TO ENSURE EFFICIENCY IN BUILDING MAINTENANCE PRACTICESIn order to ensure a building is keep, preserve, restore and improve without wasting all resources, a issuing of high-octane ways can be carried out by the berth manager, building nutriment oversight or any related party. Firstly, the concern management team should involve in the design spirit level of the construction to pull up some strategies in order to make sure the efficiency in building maintenance practices over the life cycle of buildings. A number of the design strategies mentioned by Nayanthara (2010) are design for adequate safety, design for maintenance ne eds, design for the environment, plan for slatternly maintenance and design for in force(p) access. blueprint for adequate safety is the most crucial design strategy for maintainability of buildings. A proper design for the load carrying, joint design and detailing, structures suitability and the shrill are able to avoid many failures such as go and leaking of the building, therefore can provide the adequate safety againts those failures. Design for maintenance needs is also important strategy as it can wither the maintainability cost in the future. For example in the design stage of the construction, the maintenance team has make the option to use the low-maintenance materials, components and elements in constructing the building. The selection of those materials, components and elements in design stage may lessen the maintenance cost in the future. While, there are two fragments of environment under the design for the environment, that are micro-environment and macro-envir onment. Micro-environment can be describe through the degree of exposure to the extraneous climate, level and the nature of usage. While macro-environment can be evaluted as stance of building and different zones such as industrial, coastal area, urban and rural. The environment aspect should be taken into account while designing the building as Malaysia has tropical climate which is high humidity, uniform temperature and has abundant pelting throughout the year. Nayanthara also mentioned that in the design stage, the builders team should plan for easy maintenance in the future. This strategy is related to the design for the environment strategy. The builders team should choose the material that is durable in order to less maintenance work and cost, for example, the type of paint for external wall must be weather shield so that it is long last and no need to repaint the building frequently. In addition, design for easy access for maintenance work such as roof and basement can ensur e the efficient maintenance work (Nayanthara, 2010).The second way that can be adopted to ensure the efficiency in building maintenance practices is by controlling the quality of construction or workmanship. It is very important to make an assurance of the quality during the construction stage to avoid failures such as cracks, spalling and leakage. Assurance of construction quality could be determined by the unison of materials in the design stage and construction stage. The builders team must strictly follow the planning during design stage. In addition, the election of good contractors, consultants and efficient workers who feed well experience are also essential to envision the quality of the building construction. Quality assurance in the construction stage may help in reducing the failures in the future and hence, the maintenance of buildings lead be efficiently do (Nayanthara, 2010).Strategy for maintaining buildings can be split into three strategies namely corrective, preventive and condition-based strategies (R.M.W. Horner, 1997). In ensuring the efficient building maintenance practices, a good strategy for the maintenance work should be properly through with(p) by the building maintenance team or else, the cost for maintenance ordain rise. The most crucial is preventive maintenance catalogue. The preventive maintenance schedule must be done later on the completion of the building over its life cycles. Preventive maintenance schedule is to preserve the physical of the building and wipe out the corrective maintenance cost. An efficient preventive maintenance schedule includes daily maintenance, weekly maintenance, monthly maintenance, quarterly maintenance, bi-annually maintenance and annually maintenance. Daily maintenance for building such as cleaning the toilets, common areas, ground areas, vacuuming elevators must be done everyday, even more than once a day. Daily or affair maintenance is very important among others as it involve major run expense. Cleaning and housekeeping work must be carefully plan and controlled because costs can be easily become excessive (Kyle, 1999). With the institution of preventive maintenance schedules, buildings and equipment in the building will last yearlong and run more efficiently. Building maintenance team also will be seen as a professional team as they work with the efficient preventive maintenance schedule.The forth way that can be adopted is by using computer-aided system in the building maintenance work. In maintaining buildings, computerized system is very necessary because a lot of culture and data such as the completion date of buildings, the contractors and engineer that abstruse in construction, the financial statement, information of past maintenance work, and etc that need to be recorded, saved and remembered. In addition, post atributes such as basic property information like address, telephone number, person incharge for maintenance , area, number of pedestal and age component information like type and model number of boilers and pump and maintenance information like inspection cycles and painting cycles have to be recorded and saved. Computerized system is much more efficient as it is fast in recording the ample information, retrieving any data needed and capable in analysing the data (Pitt, 1986). If the building maintenance team work manually with the substantial data, all the works will be sluggish and not efficient. Maintenance schedule also can be done by using computerized system, indeed it is more effective and practical for maintenance team.Last but not least, the implemention of Malaysias Building and Common Property influence 2007 is necessary in ensuring the efficiency of building maintenance practices, especially for strata property such as condominium, apartments, gated community developments, flats, commercial buildings like offices, shopping complexes, merge developments and industrial buildings. Malaysias government p rovide this act after realizing that there is a lack in Housing Developers Act and the Strata Title Act as well as existence of wide gaps between developers and emptors, for appropriate maintenance and management of buildings and also common property (Isma, 2011). All this while, there are many problems arise between the developers, purchasers and management mess (MC) of strata properties. Some of the problems are developers failed to apply for the Strata Title because the management corporation (MC) is unable to be organise. The management corporation (MC) could not be formed due to the committees of the management corporation (MC) must be solely the owner of the unit and the management of the building is totally managed by them without interfered by the developer, but, the management corporation (MC) can solitary(prenominal) be formed after one-quarter of the aggregate share unit has been transferred to the owner. The management corporations power to practices their duty is al so limited and not effective (Isma, 2011). Other than that, the problem also arise when there are defaulting developers and inefficiency property managers who take usefulness and trying to make huge profits by providing disappoint quality services but charging a high fee to the purchasers (Tiun, 2009). So, to surpass the problems that are arise before, Joint Management Body (JMB) and Commissioner of Building (COB) is formed under the Malaysias Building and Common Property Act 2007. The Commissioner of Building is created to ensure that all parties play their role effectively. The efficient building maintenance practices coukd be formed by the empowered of Commissioner of Building to issue warrant to those purchaser who does not pay the maintenance charges for six months and it is mandotary to all developers to submit the audited maintenance account yearly to the Commissioner of Building (COB) (Isma, 2011). With the provisions, building maintenance work for strata properties will be more transparent, efficient and no longer developer who take advantage towards purchasers.

Analysis of Social and Political Contexts in Plays

Analysis of Social and Political Contexts in PlaysWith reference to at least two plays of your choice by divers(prenominal) authors from different periods of theatre hi report analyze in what modal values they ruminate the social and political context in which they were written.In the theatre, e truly earn once born is mortal every form must(prenominal) be reconceived, and its new conception will bear the marks of all the influences that all overr for each one it.(Peter Brook) William Shakespe atomic number 18 takes the story of Julius Caesar and expresses his ideas close to male monarch Elizabeth, and the political atmosphere of Elizabethan England, employ Julius Caesar himself as a metaphor for the growing Elizabethan empire, and the fears concerning the death of an heir-less Queen. Arthur miller infuses the story of the Salem catch Trials with sub textual references to the McCarthyism and departure Scare, which were expiration on in America in the 1950s. In 2013, Anne Washburn sets her story, Mr. Burns A Post-Electric Play, against a nuclear post-apocalyptic backdrop, using a popular television show, The Simpsons, as a catalyst, which in itself is a reflection on her ideas of modern American clubhouse, and society in general, as throughout the play, one bears witness to an previous(a) civilization unraveling, and a resorting to story-telling in its most basic beginnings. This test is a discussion on in what delegacys Julius Caesar, The crucible, and Mr. Burns A Post-Electric Play reflects the social and political context in which they were written.Julius Caesar was first performed in 1599, the first show to be performed at the Globe Theater in London. Though the text was non released until 1623, it is Shakespeares shortest play. Shakespeare is thought to have been severely influenced in reference to the historical context by Plutarchs Lives of the fearful Greeks and Romans, which was written by Plutarch in the first century. In the play, Julius Caesar has just overthr give birth Pompey, who was inauspicious the republic. In the opening scenes, the flock of Rome are seen celebrating Caesar, and try to top off him multiple times. This troubles umpteen another(prenominal) people in the shadows, who begin to whisper active the integrity of Caesar, and whether he will take the throne for his own, or awarding the democratic republic, which Rome was in 440 B.C. These whisperings concern his peers, such as Cassius, who convinces Brutus that Caesar must be taken down before he becomes more unchewable than the Republic. Ultimately, Caesar is assassinated, which results in draw chaos, as the entire country breaks out in civil war. In the end, almost everyone dies.Queen Elizabeth became Queen in 1558, cardinal years before Julius Caesar was first performed. The Virgin Queen, as she was normally k this instantn, was the daughter of Henry VIII, and the last in the line of the Tudor monarchy. Queen Elizabeth ruled very strictly, and was extremely paranoid, therefore many people were intent and questioned all the time for treasonous activity. This was a meticulously recorded practice of law State, comparable with Hitlers Germany, Pinochets Chile, the former Soviet Bloc or Saddam Hussains Iraq. just about all the major players in Shakespeares bearing including the poet himself would find themselves on the ill-treat side of the law at some point during their life And so England was a land of clear divisions in the midst of the old faith and the new, between the cities and the rural communities, between the spangn and that which was unknown and therefore frightening.(pbs.org) It was urgently requirement that if Shakespeare had a political view to share, he must share it very subtly.Early modern writers frequently compared the English Parliament to the Roman republics Senate and popular tribunate. The English were also mindful of Romes role in their early history Julius Caesar successfully i nvaded Britain in 54 BCE and the Roman Empire, which succeeded the republic, controlled Britain from 77 to 407 CE. At the broader level of political culture, English people strongly identified themselves as free in ways that (they believed) citizens of the Roman republic had been and others in Europe were not.(newberry.org) In Julius Caesar, Shakespeare remarks on the political agitation of Elizabethan England in his portrayal of the rebellion and assassi tribe of Julius Caesar. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth I thwarted many assassination attempts, as well as attempts at overthrowing her strongly Protestant rule by the Catholics. Shakespeare also comments on the impend future of England, as Elizabeth was very such(prenominal) the like Caesar in age, and had no heirs to carry on her rule. He uses the Roman civil wars as a vehicle to perhaps predict a post-Elizabethan England, one that did not count on well for the English heap, as the eco-system that was Elizabethan English pol itics disintegrated into mass chaos.Hundreds of years later, Arthur miller wrote The Crucible, in 1953. The Crucible is about The Salem Witch Trials, which happened in 1692 in Puritan Salem, Massachusetts. In the actual trials, young girls began accusive people of witchcraft, which led to mass hysteria, the persecution of over 200 people, and the execution of 20 people. In The Crucible, Arthur Miller adds dimension to a historic event, by adding his own ideas as to wherefore and how the whole thing came about. He get tod answers as to why the girls began the dangerous faade. He also combined historical figures as characters to create a clear and concise storyline. He took many artistic liberties. For example, many of the accusations of witchcraft in the play are driven by the function between farmer, husband, and father John Proctor, and the Ministers teenage niece Abigail Williams however, in real life Williams was probably about eleven at the time of the accusations and Proct or was over sixty, which reads it most unlikely that there was ever any such relationship. Miller himself said, The play is not reportage of any kind . nobody can suck to write a tragedy and hope to make it reportage . what I was doing was writing a fictional story about an important theme.(ukmc.edu)In the 1950s, the United States of America was going through a similar mass hysteria as during the Salem Witch Trials. After World contend II, there was a huge anti-communist movement, led by Senator Joseph McCarthy, who illustriously brought in many people in the artistic and intellectual community and interrogated them about being communists. Americans were afraid of communism, or radical leftism, because of the belief that communism was in direct opposition to American values. This was the second time in the twentieth century, that America had a Red Scare, the first being in the 1920s. However, in the 1920s the suspicions revolved a social movement, and in the 1950s the fears cau line from fears because of the conflict in Korea and China, and espionage based upon confessions by government officials of spying for the Soviet Union, the most famous being the trials of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were executed for passing on sequestered nurture to the Soviet Union about the atomic bomb. Senator McCarthy headed the Congresss House unpatriotic Activities Committee, which launched an investigation into purported Communist influence in the movie business. HUAC subpoenaed writers, directors, actors and studio executives and inquired whether they were now or had ever been a member of the Communist Party.(collin.edu)Although there is much speculation as to the take mirroring of The Salem Witch Trials in The Crucible to the McCarthyism Red Scare hysteria of the 1950s, Miller writes, These plays, in one sense, are my response to what was in the air, they are one mans way of saying to his fellow men, This is what you see every day, or think or feel now I will show you what you really know hardly have not had the time, or the disinterestedness, or the insight, or the information to understand consciously.(Steppenwolf.org) Arthur Miller himself had been brought in for questioning about being a communist, and among many others in the Hollywood and theatre scene. He was actually blacklisted at one point. The mass hysteria spread throughout the country, just like in Salem in The Crucible, and people became suspicious of everyone. One meeting collected and published the names of people in the conception of the arts and entertainment thought to be un-American in their politics. The most famous were able to successfully fight off such attacks butRed Channels The root of Communist Influence in Radio and Television, ruined or harmed many peoples careers.(Collins.edu)Anne Washburn wrote Mr. Burns A Post-Electric Play, which was performed at The Playwrights Horizon studio in newly York City in Fall 2013. In the play, which is triple acts, the sho w opens with a group of people sitting around a fire, in the result of a nuclear holocaust, trying to recall an chance from the popular TV series, The Simpsons. Throughout the whole first act, the audience watches what was an actually article for excogitate transcription of the cast during one of the first workshops try and remember word for word the episode, Cape Feare. In the second act, time has moved foregoing ten years and the audience learns that this new world has evolved into a luff where people barter with memories of Simpsons episodes, with different troupes going around performing them, along with commercial breaks.It is as if any fragment of the old world is cherished, if not quite misunderstood by this new civilization. People are impulsive to trade food and shelter for missing pieces of the stories, and there is somewhat of a rivalry between the different troupes, a competition for how many stories each has collected. The second act ends in bloodshed, as people become dotty in trying to attain as many recalling of Simpsons episodes. In the deuce-ace act, it is hundreds of years later, and the audience watches a bizarre performance of what was being rehearsed in the second act, except it is now revered, almost religious in the personal manner it is being performed. The whole act is culmination of years of retelling and evolution into a masked performance that at the same time is almost an exact retelling and something completely different.Anne Washburns use of the post-apocalyptic theme is smart, as the idea of post-apocalyptic society has taken Americas imagination by storm. We use fictional narratives not just now to emotionally cope with the possibility of impending doom, but even more importantly perhaps to work through the estimable and philosophical frameworks that were in many ways left shattered in the wake of WWII.(livescience.com) In a post 9/11 society, later on two wars and a financial recession, America needs the catharsi s that comes with an imagined world after the end of the world. The image of New Yorkers fleeing the crashing towers and the toxic clouds of the death was dole out over and over until the image was emblazoned in indelibly in nations collective psychic. Americas exalted sense of indomitability came crashing down with the WTC, our feeling of security forever buried underneath mensural tons rubble.(ipharoah.thoughts) With Mr. Burns, Anne Washburn has also commented on the influence of pop culture in America, and the trend towards escapism in American society. Television especially is implant into the American culture, and many Americans use television as a way to block out the impending bills, and declining health, and general disarray of their lives.That single Simpsons episode becomes a treasure-laden bridge, both to the past and into the future. And in tracing a storys hold on the imaginations of different generations, the play is likely to make you think back way back to narra tives that survive today from millenniums ago. both age, it seems, has its Homers.(nytimes.com) Throughout history, playwrights have continued to give us a childs play of the world from which they are writing. Whether it is about a specific person, a movement, or the society as whole, Julius Caesar, The Crucible, and Mr. Burns A Post-Electric Play are three examples. All three plays reflect the social and political context in which they were written with the use of metaphor and symbolism, and sometimes just a hearty up comparison. The interesting thing about these three plays, is that not notwithstanding are they allegories for the time in which they were written, but they can also be related to on contemporary terms. In turn, the three plays not only comment on a social and political context, but on the human condition, which never changes.BibliographyArnold, Oliver O. Chronology and Republicanism, Popular Politics, and the Rhetoric of Liberty in 1599. InJulius Caesar,by Willia m Shakespeare. pep pill Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, 2010.Blumberg, J. (2007).A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials. addressable http//www.smithsonianmag.com/history/a-brief-history-of-the-salem-witch-trials-175162489/. fail accessed 14 Jan 2014.Brantley, B. (2013).Stand Up, Survivors Homer Is With You.Availablehttp//www.nytimes.com/2013/09/16/theater/reviews/mr-burns-a-post-electric-play-at-playwrights-horizons.html?_r=0. Last accessed 19 Jan 2014.Brook, P (1968).The Empty Space. New York, NY Touchstone.Ipharoah. (2012).Apocalypse As American as Apple Pie.Available http//ipharaoh.thoughts.com/posts/apocalypse-as-american-as-apple-pie. Last accessed 14 Jan 2014.Layson, H and Zurcher, A. (2012).Shakespeares Romans Politics and Ethics in Julius Caesar and Coriolanus.Available http//dcc.newberry.org/collections/shakespeare-rome. Last accessed 14 Jan 2014.Linder, D. (2013).The Witchcraft Trials in Salem A Commentary.Availablehttp//law2.umkc.edu/ efficacy/projects/ftrials/s alem/SAL_ACCT.HTM. Last accessed 15 Jan 2014.Love, M. (2003).Shakespeares England.Available http//www.pbs.org/shakespeare/locations/location153.html. Last accessed 10 Jan 2014.Miller, A (1953).The Crucible. the States Penguin Books.Pappas, S. (2013).Why Were Obsessed with the Zombie Apocalypse.Available http//www.livescience.com/27287-zombie-apocalypse-world-war-ii.html. Last accessed 18 Jan 2014.Shakespeare, W (1603).Julius Caesar. London N/A.Washburn, A (2010).Mr Burns A Post-Electric Play. New York Smith Kraus.Wilkison, K. (2013).The Second Red Scare Fear and Loathing in High Places, 1947-1954.Available http//iws.collin.edu/kwilkison/Resources for Students/redscare.html. Last accessed 19 Jan 2014.

Decline And Fall Of Empires In The World History Essay

pooh-pooh And Fall Of pudding stones In The humankind Hi stage EssayPublished on the Cappuccino Culture page of the witnesser web site on 23rd November 2009 under the heading Decline and Fall is an animated cartoon representing the recounting sizes of conglomerates from 1800 until the present day.iEach pudding stone is represented by a blob that either increases or decreases in size over the period. The collapse of the red blob representing the British Empire, the biggest, is of incline marked in the period from the finish of the First foundation War. The just comment this web page elicits is single which nones, this was non interesting you steal three and a half minutes of my life. I offer this getting even factual observation at the start of an essay which forget restrict forth to show that the British overt do indeed pull in an interest of sorts in the fib of their imperium, only one that perhaps is non entirely at one with the grabs of historians. As a listeners comment on the BBC Radio 4 explanation of the empire puts it,iihalf the world whitethorn hate the English for the success that was the empire, the former(a) half for the scourge inflicted upon them, exclusively please stop it with the apologies. Put simply my pipeline is that while bet on colonial theories of empire may cool it be in the cutting edge for academics, the British humanitys thought has developed a more(prenominal) Whigish tendency natural of nostalgia. Niall Fergusson has come to be portrayed as the primary advocate of the ideal of the benefits of empire.Niall Fergussons book, Empire how Britain make the modern world,iiiwas accompanied by a idiot box series on street 4. The success of the programme was to cook up its presenter alongside the equals of Simon Schama and Kenneth Clarke, as a substantially k nown nature with his own cult of popularity. For Fergusson it raised a profile which is now naturalised in neo-conservative circles in the US, and he has become a prolific perceiver on current affairs for a numerate of media step uplets. He is wide recognised as clever and provocative, and has move to develop his controversial argument that the British empire was non bad(predicate) for the world.ivWhile Fergussons forte is undoubtedly economic science and finance, an ara of scholarship where much of his other normalations atomic number 18 situated, he does non skimp on ranging crossways the panoply of empire history including heapting out where the British empire went wrong the horrors of slavery or the brutality that occurred at the Battle of Omdurman. In asking whether the empire was on balance good or bad, his view domiciliate be summed in his own lyric poem that, no organisation has done more to promote the free work of goods, capital and labour than the British empire in the 19th and twentieth centuries. And no organisation has done more to impose western norms of law, point and governance around the world.vA Gallup poll taken in 1998 imbed a British the vulgar who were unapologetic about the Empire. As the economic expert noted, the politically correct idea that in that respect was something shameful about colonising rangy swaths of the world had poor resonance amongst the public.viThis was the same year that Tony Blair was busily articulating Britain as, peaceful Britannia, a model 21st century nation to the Labour fellowship conference. Whilst 60% of those polled regretted the empires passing, only 13% purview that the country could cede kept up(p) its imperial possessions if it had wished. still the way Tony Blair talked about empire had agitated to reflect this public mood. It had developed from what had been the normal reference in the leaders conference linguistic communication to decolonisation. By the 1997 conference the creation of a signifi discountt empire was one of a long list of British achievements. A minor change but perhaps significant presump tuousness the New Labour readiness at the judgment of conviction to smack and articulate the centre of attention ground of the electorate.It is a tautological statement to say that nations develop differing narratives of their imperial bequest. such narratives impart help shape contemporary popular views. In particular, it will deform the judgement as to whether the firing of an empire was viewed as a defeat, and if so, whether there was a consequential impact on perceptions of national self esteem. Kumars compare of the French and English ascertain is instructive.viiHe notes that for the English the distinction among past and present is pointless the future is viewed through the resource of a thoroughly assimilated history. This is secerned with the turbulence of late French history where the past carcass alive. The result for Kumar is that the French now exact a significant impost of self reflection which manifests itself in a strong experience of nationalism and national identity element. He contrasts this strongly with the English case. And in considering this more proper(postnominal)ally within the scope of empire, the overall French perception was driven by their not be as successful as their imperial competitors, in either the scale of the empire they achieved, or the subsequent management of decolonisation.The end of the British Empire was not only rapid but alike remarkably peaceful, notwithstanding some outbreaks of nationalist hostility. It was not accompanied by radical political upheaval in Britain itself, all was calm. The British had presum commensurate accepted the collapse of their empire with an equanimity bordering on indifference,viiiwhich was a contrast with France and Portugal, where decolonisation was followed by political convulsion at home. As David Cannadine cogently puts it in a book of essays on Britains adjustment to the evil of empire, the British Empire may perplex been win in a fit of absence seizure o f mind, but as far as the majority of the population seems to have been concerned, it was given away in a fit of collective indifference.ixThis is not a nation grieving a collective thought of loss.But much(prenominal) analysis maybe a subaltern too simple. on that point could have been in the popular British psyche a see trade off surrounded by the perceived benefits of keeping the empire as opposed to the alternatives. The eclipse of empire could have passed unnoticed against a back endground knowledge to a shattering of the faith of imperial markets which occurred before decolonisation took place, and so after 1945 the social priorities that were accorded to the welfare state and industrial intervention to economise material improvement.xIt is clear this argument can be developed further to include other events in post war Britain such as the European Union dimension, and the unwillingness or ability to afford high levels of defence expenditure and its consequential impact. The reorientation from the east to Europe was wellspring on the way by 1998 as the Gallup survey noted. 50% thought Europe preferably than the empire meant more to Britain.xiA further torsion to the popular view of empire can be developed, which is a tapestry of opinion that reflects the internal boundaries of the United Kingdom. The title of Condor and Abells work says it all in this regard, Romantic Scotland, tragic England, ambiguous Britain.xiiThe conclusions from the interviews that formed the basis of the research showed that in Scotland, respondents inferred heroic national character from Scotlands role in the Empire. Whereas in England, the story of empire was understood to represent a product of excessive nationalism. However, the concept of Britishness was in both groups understood to predate and postdate the history of empire. This is in fact just other way of saying that as a nation the British had assimilated the empire rise and fall to their own histor ic narrative.A consequence of the decolonising experience in Britain appears to have been that the recent training of history is devoid of content when it comes to the empire. Indeed if I recall both my O and A level history creases in the late 1970s, empire did not prominently figure. Such a notion was explored by a Prince of Wales summer school in 2003. The rub of the question was that if European imperialism was the more or less important historic trend of the 19th century, and the British Empire was the biggest and or so important of the empires, why did it not it figure more prominently in schools watching? As the Guardian reported, schools do workweek after week of British social history and only one week on the empire. In terms of entailment it is not enough.xiiiThe knowledge of empire amongst a generation now one step removed from the Second humanness War and the decolonisation afterward is too superficial. Our aggravation Fergusson summed the point,xivwe can memori se the British Empire without saying its either a good or a bad thing. It is both good and bad. One simply necessityfully to know about it how it arose and how it go downs. These questions arent in anyway politically loaded. Theres an incredible uproar from the 60s left that says anything about empire must be bad. Im in no way pushing my own interpretation of empire. Its just that it should be at the core of what we teach people about modern history.The reluctance of schools to teach the history of empire and even more the examination boards to set the programme is bamboozling and introductory smacks of avoidance. But avoidance as a consequence of what disturbance at the event or the analysis? An Ofsted report on the teaching method of history in schools questioned whether a lesson on empire in a three year history course was sufficient given the subjects significance and concluded it was not.xvIt found that pupils aged 16 would have had 3 or 4 lessons on the subject of e mpire in their previous 5 old age at school. But this is not about providing a one(a) explanation of empire in the classroom. The advice Ofsted gave to schools was that pupils should know about the empire and that it has been taken by historians and others in different ways.However, others in education were more fricative in their chidings. Dr Andrew Cunningham, a teacher, fence ind that while the empire might be forgotten in the UK, around the world this was far less likely to be the case where the imperial bequest was the English language, a strong sense of liberty, an impartial legal system and stable parliamentary government.xviHe excessively noted that the legacy lived on within the UK with an ethnically diverse populace drawn from across the former colonies and living together in relative harmony.In an increasely globalised and interconnected world the existence of old tie in between peoples, such as language and law, are fundamental mental synthesis blocks for future relationships. They together with immigration to Britain are important legacies from empire. The Commonwealth bruised and buffet in the 1960s and 1970s retains a surprising utility as a dense global network of internal connections, valued by its numerous small states.xviiWhether or not this judgement shows a handing over in the historical analysis of the empire by the BBC is only a question that the corporation itself might answer. But the analysis has moved on from that of an earlier BBC website for school children which starkly noted,xviiithe Empire came into enceinteness by cleanup position lots of people .. and stealing their countries.The issue of hindsight is key in considering historical perspective, and that is as true for analysis of the British Empire as for other events in the past. Time and distance aid the historian by respond the question of what happened next. It is only in the recent 10 to 20 years that histories of the British Empire can begin to be written by those for whom the ideology of decolonisation is a historical phenomenon. Now they are able to judge the claims and successes of what the Ghandis and company of the world constructed as well as assailed.xixIn chronological terms, Fergusson fits neatly into the category of young historians that Richenberg had identified and to whom he offered such a proposition. As he says, umteen of the sins of dictatorship, tribalism and exploitation which the British pull in Africa have been overshadowed by those of their colonial successors. It is not that this legitimises the wrongs of the Empire, but it makes it easier for many to attempt to interpret what was a liberal empire as an intellectually flawed but not dishonourable attempt to solve problems. With little adjustment such observations would suffice for a publishing editors summary for the back cover of Fergussons book.While retrospection is an aid to comparative analysis it is excessively an equally useful tool for those who believe the legacies of empire might not always be viewed quite so benignly through such an optic. Jack stem, when Foreign Secretary, identified Britains imperial past as the spring of many of the modern worlds political problems, including the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Kashmir dispute.xxFergusson, perhaps predictably commented that Mr Straw was guilty of chanting the old National Union of Students refrain we are to blame.xxiConversely though, there is a view for casing that the partition in India/Pakistan was now far more important as the defining context for contemporary and future politics, than the legacy of the empire. Perhaps while retrospection helps it does need to be treated with a degree of caution. It is always easy to be wise after the event or as Barry Buzan from the LSE noted in the same condition, like looking back at a impale of chess its much easier afterwards to work out what the moves should have been. In doing so he captured the views of other historians such a s Andrew Roberts and J B Kelly.This gradual development of the view of Empire from apologist during decolonisation to now more benignly contemplative is most clearly reflected in the Commonwealth. present former colonies are private nations bonding of their own volition as equals. It shows too that the assimilation of history into a continuous narrative is not solely a British experience. As an institution during the 60s and 70s the Commonwealth was viewed by most as an irrelevance. Indeed during the 1980s, Britain was isolated over its stance on South Africa. Now it is a family of 54 member countries with membership across all the worlds continents, including 1.8 billion people, or 30% of the worlds population. Extraordinarily 50% of that unite population are under 25 and so, many are in some cases 2 or 3 generations removed from direct experience of colonial rule.xxiiThe Royal Commonwealth Societys website describes how all its members are united by agreed common values, princip les, heritage and language. They also share similar systems of law, public administration and education and work together in a meat of cooperation, partnership and understanding. The increasing positioning of the organisation is such that membership continues to draw to countries that were outside British colonial rule, for instance Rwanda. There is a covert of human experience and values implicit in what the Society says it is not unrealistic or even nostalgic about the past but in effect says, we are where we are, lets look forward. Given the ethnic mutation of the British population, the Commonwealth is a link by which various disaporia can remain in touch around the world.The Commonwealth is for most of the British public the most visible living legacy of the empire, with its link championed by a monarch who has lived through the decolonisation process. A living body, not a colonial relic, the Commonwealth is a successful story which looks set to streng and so in the future . It has 5 of the worlds economically fastest growing countries (including India) as members and the connections arising from the legacy of British rule mean trading costs 15% less than elsewhere in the world.xxiiiThe Commonwealth has developed into a consensual, informal and adaptable organisation that could be uniquely useful. Such a view cannot help strengthen the bodys reputation in the British publics perception. As the effect of Britons with recollections of colonialism are relatively few, such a modern image could well colour perceptions of empire and make its legacy appear benign.The passage of m might have started to heal some of the rawness that underpinned the harsher views of empire that were prevalent in the latter half of the twentieth century during the decolonisation process. The link between many of the liberation movements in the old colonies and Marxism was strong. The subsequent defeat of collectivism in west and the strengthening of liberal explanations of th e benefits of market capitalism and nation has also helped to soften the often black and white terms in which empires were viewed during decolonisation. But it is the case too that the political left might be leaving its traditionally hostile view of the colonial legacy behind. Clare curt as the Minister for International Development wrote to her Zimbabwean opposite number in 1998, (we are as a government) without links to our colonial interests.xxivAn example of overall softening of the retrospective views of empire was set out by Michael Palin in an interview when he became the new President of the Royal geographical Society.xxvBelieving that it might now be the time for Britain to stop fixating on the negative aspects of empire, he said, if we say that all of our past involvement with the world was bad and wicked and wrong, I think we are doing ourselves a great disservice. It has set up lines of communication between people that are still very strong. We still have links with other countries culturally, politically and socially that perhaps we shouldnt forget. Commenting on the interview the historian, Andrew Roberts,xxvisaid, alleluia Mr Palin is quite right to acknowledge that the British Empire has been taught in particularly abject way in recent years.But before we all get somewhat carried away, some sense of proportion is important. Historians do consider themselves the purveyors of what might be the inconvenience of truth. though even they are sometimes forced to criticise the over eagerness of their profession. My point is ably demonstrated by David Anderson in a polish of the work of the American historian Caroline Elkins.xxviiShe had assessed the number of Africans killed by the British in the Mau Mau rebellion as 300,000. The figure had provoked considerable criticism including from Anderson who had personally researched the field. Noting the affect of such exaggeration was to give succour to defenders of the legacy of empire, he was riot ous to make the counter point. While the British were no more atrocious as imperialists that anyone else, they were no better. It is time we set deflection British amnesia and squared up to the realities of our empire, he wrote.In British politics there has been for most of the 20th century amongst the left a perceived connection between colonialism and capitalism. The expectation was the demise of empire would avail the building of a socialist club. But even where over time the economic arguments against colonialism splintered or faded the principles of the right to national determination and a generalised internationalism survived.xxviiiMovements such as that for Colonial Freedom, launched in 1954, had at heart a deeply held view that colonialism was an evil for British society as well as for the colonised because it was morally corrupting to the identity of the British self.If it is the development of broader political thinking in society that helps set the context for the acc eptability or otherwise of fresh historical analysis, then there has been some perceptible recent shifts. A speech by Gordon cook on Britishness in 2004 it drew both on booster cable historians of the British national story and cast a net into more right wing territory too. The reasoning was that it was politically disastrous for centre left parties to abandon the ground of national identity and patriotism.xxixAs Brown reflected on the historical aspects of being British, there was a Whigish air to his account. whatsoever sense that the political aspect of decolonisation is the pervading approach amongst historians has long started to ebb. Whilst the sign veer away from an Anglo-centric perspective on the break-up of empire still keep some elements of a political theme, the focus has moved to the study of individual countries achievement of self-determination.xxxThere is still a considerable way to go in the historiography of empire, for instance in terms of the study of womens history.Coincident with the increasing profile of Fergusson in the mid-noughties, a number of historians have delivered grounding open frame research into the legacy of empire along these new lines. Andersons research on the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya in the 1950s was one such case. Undermining the have wisdom of an orderly retreat and deals done at conferences is that empires are not glorious being concerned with the power relations, the domination, often de-humanisation, of one rush along by another. For Anderson the British empire was no different.xxxiHis research has been more focused, not the coffee table book tableau view, but dealing with specific events or countries shining a light upward into how we might view the empire enterprise as a whole. The irony here though is not that Fergussons work is viewed as novel or controversial rather it is the thesis that must be challenged, rather than challenge.However, Stephen Howes claim that Andersons work will transform our underst anding of how the British Empire ended and force a wide re-evaluation of Britains modern history is pushing the point.xxxiiThe issue remains that a considerable body of the new work that is aimed at the wider readership is still Anglo-centric. The stimulate here is that Fergusson is not a heavyweight historian, with his works relying too hard on secondary texts. As the reassessment of empire progresses with old mythologies being re-evaluated as opposed to rehashed there is a danger that work like Andersons are not permeating effectively enough into the popular historiesxxxiii. Tapan Raychaudhuri in considering the legacy of empire from the Indian perspective argues that few serious historians in India see much that was good in Britains imperial record. However, there is little evidence to suggest that in terms of empires legacy with the British public that such a view has entered the general consciousness.The impact on Britain of the loss of an empire is different from that on the former colonial states who composed it. It can be hypothesised that the recent British experience was one of be access a new nation born from a loss of identity (empire) rather than through the more normal moment of achievement of self-determination and sovereignty. The British and maybe its currently subordinate identities have only begun to value their status as a nation as they have lost its as an empire. Looking to the future, rather than embraced tradition, the past is a foreign country.xxxivHowever, this thesis rather misses the point. The relationship to football that Robinson uses is not strong enough. Past results, whether triumphant or ignominious, are sustained in the pantheon of the football clubs history together with the folklore that accompanies them. It is no guide to future performance on the pitch but it is not dumped, as history becomes part of the living entity that is the club. Extrapolating to Britain, the same is true history has not been forgotten but assi milated.The notion of popular imperialism is not a new one. Indeed the Falklands war in 1982 could be argued to be the brave visible outpouring of such sentiment, though the peaceful return of Hong Kong is another somewhat less jingoist example. It should not be a confusion that a positive idea of the empires legacy or receptiveness (even amongst the cynicism of the Channel 4 commissioning editors) to the work of authors such as Fergusson does exist. The success of imperialism as a popular cultural phenomena during the 20th century was set out by MacKenzie.xxxvThe empires popularity was a core ideology in Britain which later morphed into nostalgia.However, given natural human emotions, it would be hardly surprising that the visible and quick end of empire after 1945 would not evoke such sentiment. equally the extent though that nostalgia was a means of escaping the harsh realities of the day is of course a moot point. Though as the Economist noted,xxxvihaving taken the loss of em pire relatively lightly, the British publics concept of identity had been fortified by a comforting set of images of national heroism derived from the Second World War. But nostalgia can be both melancholic as well as euphoric. In the late 1970s the economic and political challenges in Britain were different from today and discussion was focused on how their malaise join with the loss of an empire could be met.xxxviiEvents like Suez summed up the sense of decline associated with decolonisation, but in the public consciousness, victory in the South Atlantic in 1982 has to some extent become linked with economic enlighten and major social readjustment.Today notions of nostalgia continue to be reinforced by newspaper articles,xxxviiifor instance those covering the current troubles in Yemen. In an article headed, We regret driving out the British, ex-Marxist revolutionaries spoke nostalgically of imperial master they had fought to remove. Whilst patently British rule is not going to r eturn to Yemen, the continued theme of such articles together with similar ones that most of us have read with regard to the Indian sub-continent reinforce a narrative that underpins the sum of the some of the putative benefits of imperial rule albeit driven more by nostalgia than rigorous analysis.Whilst the revival of the neo-Whig view of empire is associated with Fergusson it is possible to see the earlier emergence of the same train of thought. Max Beloff noted that for younger historians coming of age when he was writing in 1995, an optimistic view of empire was not difficult to find, where the sins of empire had been redeemed by a legacy of democratic institutions and liberal ideas, notably represented by the Commonwealth.xxxixHe continued, the history of the British Empire could be studied to see how this glorious performance had been achieved. I would not be so bold as to argue that this was an executive instruction to Fergusson, but my point is that the structure of the a rgument was already there, albeit in an embryonic way. However, when Clements at a similar time made his plea for more analysis of the economics of empire as a means to aiding its public reassessment, he probably did not have the cathexis that Fergusson subsequently took in mind.xlIts conclusions were probably 180 degrees out from what he had anticipated.We have all engaged around the dining room table or at the pub in those rather spurious conversations along the lines of what if we hadnt won the first world war. Such counter factual analyses of history are popular but their value debateable. But it is unsurprising in the sense of the determination to provoke that Fergusson edited a book of counterfactual essays. Such work as Fergusson himself points out challenges conventional approaches to the study of history. E H Carr dismissed counterfactual history as a mere living room game and red herring, while E

Pygmalion and Henry Higgins

Pygmalion and Henry HigginsThe nonetaker, primarily cognise as Henry Higgins, has a trend to decrease off as being a jerk and real self centered. Since his profession is phonetics and speech, Higgins tends to hasten this mentality of him being better than e genuinelyone else and masses who arent deal him, arent worth his clock. This causes Higgins to judge everyone he sees. The main mortal he focuses on is the flower young lady, and is also k promptlyn as Eliza Doolittle. Eliza was first seen on the side of the street selling herself, she wasnt the best dressed and she also didnt chew push through like a lady, so Higgins being the jerk that he is known for starts off degrading her as a person and treats her like she isnt expensive or worth of anyones time. The only reason why nobody has go forth him or has turned against him is, because in his heart he is good and a harmless man, but he biggest fault is being a bully.Relationships potentiometer capture such a great f riendship between cardinal people that could go on for years, but Higgins had the learning ability that only counsel on himself was the most valuable thing in the world. In the set about of Act 1, Higgins and Elizas relationship started to form. Although he had a slight tendency to come off as rude to her in the most negative panaches, Higgins knew that his relationship with the flower girl would have to grow, because of the bet he made with Colonel Pickering that he could turn her into a lady before the garden party. Even though during the time Higgins was helping her, he would still treat the flower girl like she was worthless of everyones time. In Act IV, Higgins comes off as moderately pleasant to the flower girl, making it seem as if his relationship changed end-to-end the play. As we receive to the end of the play, Higgins has completely changed his mind about Eliza, he now realizes that, because of her, HIggins now looks at the world differently. Five minutes past yo u were like a milestone around my neck. Now youre a tower of strength a consort battleship. Higgins now believes that he is very steep of her, and he accepts the port she is. His relationship with Eliza did start off as unpleasant, and now that Higgins realizes that he does now respect Eliza, he wouldnt mind keeping her in his life as a long life friend. Relationships piece of ass be a beautiful thing between two people, but it each depends on how you view the world and how you value people.Some of our values and beliefs have a way of catching up to us in the end, they can often make us better as a person or make us turn into an unpleasant person for everyone to see. The way we value people, and what we believe as a person determines our actions towards certain individuals and situations that we get ourself in. Higgins, the notetaker, is influenced by his social class, and his beliefs as a person. The way Higgins was grown habitual to acting the way he did, because of being ra ised in that geek of environment, caused him to act a certain way towards people who are beneath him and superior to him. Although Higgins was somewhat of a bully, he still had a very good heart on his hands. As the play, Pygmalion, came to an end, Higgins learns that people are more(prenominal) than a social class, and also a social class does not determine your intelligence or the kind of person you turn out to be.Higgins believed that if you werent from the right social class, and you came of as unworthy, he wouldnt even give you the time of day, because he felt as if you didnt deserve it. In Act II, Higgins repeated, Shall we imply his baggage to sit down, or shall we throw her out the window? Higgins was not impressed with her or the way she dressed, he orders her away, because he had enough her Lisson orchard lingo. As time went on, and Higgins finally opened up his mind a little bit more, in Act V, he told Eliza I utter id make a woman of youand I have, I like you like this. His beliefs changed towards the end, and realized that not everything is about which social class youre from, it all depends on how good of a person you are.In conclusion to the play Pygmalion, the way Higgins perceives his roles, helped him grow as a person. He now has an open mindset to many different social classes, and how he looks at the world. He now has learned that not only does your social class not intend you as a person, but he has also learned to real get to know someone before he goes out and judge them.