Pipeline Installation Elements

Introduction Pipeline installations have relied on a number of strategies depending on the location. This article provides a brief description of some of the methods used in pipeline installations. The article reviews the following pipeline installations:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pipeline Installation Elements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pig traps Block valves Offtakes Compressor stations The designs of these pipelines are not standard. Instead, they depend on the location, function of the pipeline relative to fluid for transportation, temperature, and operating pressure. Pipelines have several points of installations to ensure maximum efficiency during transportation of fluids. Pig Traps Pipeline pigging is a method of inspecting and cleaning inner parts of the pipeline using a gadget known as pig. Pig traps are installations used for â€Å"inserting or launching pigs into the pipeline and taking them out or receiving them after a successful run without interrupting the process of fluid flow in the pipeline† (Mohitpour, Szabo and Hardeveld, 2005). A pig trap is like an air lock. The valve separates pig traps from the pipeline. This provides opportunities to depressurise the pipeline in order to insert the pig. Pigs vary in terms of materials and their composition. For instance, there are magnetic flux and air-filled plastic pigs suitable as tools for inspection of leakages. People who use pig traps load and close the trap in order to pressurise the pipeline. However, the main valve trap remains open so that the pressure can direct the fluid when the pig is behind in order to force it into the pipeline. Pigging also has a receiving end where the reverse process takes place. It is imperative to ensure that the pigging system is safe and can withstand extreme temperatures, pressure, and inspection of a pipeline can take place safely. Apart from inspection and cleaning, pi g traps are also suitable for separating fluids under transportation and providing information about the pipeline position and size.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pigging enhance lifetime of pipelines. Inspection and cleaning ensure that debris, wax, and other materials, which cause blockages, do not hinder the transportation of fluids. This enhances efficiency of the pipeline and provides a continuous flow of fluids. Design Christian Cloyde notes that design considerations of pig traps â€Å"should extend beyond the limits of the pig trap to the boundaries of the pigging station† (Cloyde, 2011). The design must go with the part of the pipeline measurements. Pig traps with mechanical design must match or exceed the design pressure. In addition, it must also have similar design features, compatible type of materials, apply similar design codes, and conform to temperature req uirements just like the section of the pipeline it serves. Dimensionally, a pig trap must relate to the type of pigging in a section of the pipeline it shall serve. This must take into account the line size of the pipeline and the length of the barrel. The design must be able to resist pressure as it allows inserting and receiving of pigs. Pigs are heavy. Thus, it is necessary to consider internal pressure for safety of the system and workers. Pig Trap Design Code Designers usually use international standards and measurements like ASME. The standard codes include â€Å"B31.4, B31.3, B31.8, PD5500, EN13445, and AS2885† (Mohitpour, Szabo and Hardeveld, 2005). These pig traps fit at the end of the pipeline just like extensions. Thus, trap designs can also fit vessel codes. However, this may create mechanical problems where vessels have thick diameters. This implies that the design must conform to the pipeline and trap ends and must be the same as codes for both ends. In all thes e strategies, designs must ensure that loading and receiving process remain safe to the user and the pipeline.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pipeline Installation Elements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Design Pressure The design pressure must serve as a basis for determining the thickness of the wall of pipeline and pig traps. It is extremely dangerous to use design pressure, which is below the pressure of the pipeline. It is imperative to consider standard design pressure from ASME and ANSI that provide pressure and temperature guidelines. The designers must subject such materials to hydrostatic pressure tests of 1.25 times more than the design pressure to ensure their safety. However, the code has a significant influence on the design pressure of pig traps. The designer must also ensure extra precaution due to the nature of fluids for transportation along these pipelines. Temperature The design must be ab le to withstand maximum temperature of the fluid. In addition, the design must also take into account both minimum and maximum temperature of the pipeline section and the area. Materials The choices of materials depend on the client’s preferences. However, these materials must conform to safety standards set by regulating authorities. Further, such choices must also conform to materials of pipelines and meet the design requirements of the pipeline. Therefore, designers can only use cost effective and safe materials for installations. At the same time, such products must also be able to withstand reactions from the fluid under transportation. In this light, the designer must consider both metallic and elastomeric materials for the installation. Selection of materials must also consider other properties relating to chemical, mechanical characteristics, and weld capabilities. External loading activities require nozzles for attaching the pipe. Thus, the design must also take into consideration effects of external pressure resulting from such activities with regard to the location of the pipeline such as sub-sea.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are sections of the pipeline that may require frequent pigging activities. Under such cases, the designers must also account for fatigue on the pipeline. They must also consider other factors related to load of the fluid, seismic load, and friction. Designers must also consider other factor related to the location of the pipeline section, ease of accessibility, and environmental conditions. For instance, the designer must consider risks inherent for sub-sea pipelines and offer additional protection for valves. Pig traps need adequate space. They must also never be near open flames or sources of ignition. In this case, rules of companies regarding the type of powered gadget allowed near the installation must apply. Designers must ensure maximum care in offshore areas where horizontal space may not be adequate. In such a case, there should be adequate workspace close to the closure door to allow for pigging activities. Such activities involve â€Å"loading and unloading long in spections pigs, removal of liquids and debris from the pipeline and into a waste container, installation, and operation of a temporary separator among others† (Cloyde, 2011). The layout design must ensure that valves are accessible through different means. In this case, the operator does not need to gain access to closure door in order to perform any activity on the valve. Designers must also consider safe and efficient operation of the pig trap by taking into account â€Å"the orientation of the barrel at the pigging station† (Cloyde, 2011). Therefore, all systems must have adequate space for routine operation and maintenance activities. The closure door must never face other equipment or place where people may meet. This is necessary to avoid accidents in which pigs can shoot out and cause damages to equipment and people. Designers must pay special attention to the barrel or the oversized section of the pipeline. The designers must also install dip trays in order to a void cases of contamination resulting from servicing activities. Offshore systems must have facilities for loading and offloading heavy materials. Such tools are necessary to locate large pigs into their positions during installations. Operation The energy industry is also conscious of the environment. Therefore, activities involved in the pig trap must not cause harm to the environment. Operators must take care to minimise effects of fluids in the atmosphere or water (Goodland, 2005). Operation of the pig trap involves launching, sending, and receiving pigs. Maintenance Pig traps require regular maintenance to ensure efficiency and proper function of traps. Maintenance of the pig trap involves piggability assessments and trap assessments (Cordell, 2003). Figure 1: Pig trap Block valves Block valves stop the flow of the fluid in one or more directions. Other people consider block valves as tools, which can allow or prevent the flow of fluid without restriction. This may not require a single way valve. In fact, designers prefer gate valves for such purposes. Operators can fully open or close the valve. In this case, block valves are â€Å"useful for separating a section of the pipeline for maintenance† (Daniel Emerson, 2011). Design Gate valves are easy to use because they do not need a lot of force to surmount the pressure and friction from the pipeline. This is because their design systems allow the blocking end to move in a crosswise manner against the fluid. Gate valves also have small sections in the sealing parts. These rings are dependable and prevent any possible leakages. Gate valves are popular because of the following reasons: Hydraulic resistance is negligible Do not allow reverse flows the fluid Suitable for viscous fluids Designers also take into account factors like effects of pressure, chemicals, temperature, and pressure of the fluid on the valve. They also consider material components of the valves together with driving features. The followings are also important when selecting gate valves: Ability to resist the weather Ability to prevent any leakage Ability to resist extreme forces that may cause bending Ability to meet seismic requirements Operation The block valve can control flow of fluid in either direction. Designers provide three various methods of controlling block valves. These methods include local, remote, and automatic. However, it is the extent of the leak and volumes of release, which determine the method of controlling gate valves. Layout Designers must put block values at pipeline sections where they can provide optimal control of spills and maintenance. Spacing considerations between block valves are also important for onshore pipelines. The aim should be to control flows between adjacent valves. Categories of block valves include. Manual gate values, which are in the check valve sections and locally operated. They ensure positive isolation of the fluid. Remote gate valves are useful in oil and gas pipelines for protection during accidental failures or damages on the pipeline. Station block valves are usually near the pump station to separate fluids from the pump stations during for emergency cases. They are in both the inlet (fluid suction) and outside (fluid discharge) of the pipeline. Maintenance Block valves require constant and scheduled maintenance. Block valves need synthetic lubricants and sealant systems. Generally, new valves require constant monitoring than other valves, which have been in operation for over a year. The maintenance requires constant lubrication in order to lessen the break out torque when in use. Lubrication must spread to the valves gate slabs and seats. Regular adjustments are necessary to ensure that valves have the correct seat seal (Tiratsoo, 2007). Figure 2: Block valve Offtakes Offtakes are within the distribution and transmission systems. It has a number of gadgets for filtering and managing pressure. At the same time, it performs measurement and ‘odourisation’ of the fluid in order to allow for remote operation of the flow of the fluid. Within the pipeline, an offtake can be a vessel or pipeline transferring fluid from one section to another or to a larger pipeline. Design The designers must ensure that offtakes do not lower the pressure of the pipeline channels. Therefore, designers must consider both internal and external measurements, materials used and the length of the pipeline. We can only determine efficiency and flow of the fluid by using internal measurements, length, pressure at the ends, fluid characteristics, temperature, and elevation of the pipe from the ground. For safety reasons, the gas from the pipeline system at offtakes must have the minimum pressure. Designers of offtakes must consider some factors that include: Maximum pressure Maximum temperature Diameter of the header Fluid for transportation Both hot and cold tie-in Available offtake equipment Offtakes Layout and Opera tion The designers must ensure that offtakes have compression stations comprising of enough branches with the mainline. Offtakes require real-time monitoring and performance of analysis using computer systems with high capacities. Companies normally use SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) to monitor and plan their offtake systems (Tobin, 2007). The designers must ensure that the gas maintains its pressure as it travels throughout the system. In most cases, the pressure of the gas may drop and reduce the pressure. Thus, designers must ensure that the pressure in never low to prevent the flow. This is why there are compression stations along the pipeline to ensure that the gas pressure does not drop to unacceptable levels (Busby, 1999). Maintenance The aim of maintaining offtakes is to prevent the gas pressure from falling to low levels, which are risky. Thus, operators must ensure that they clear any debris restricting the flow of fluids. Figure 3: Offtakes Compressor S tations The aim of a compressor station along the pipeline is to enhance pressure of the fluid. It uses gas turbines to build pressure for transporting the fluid to the next compressor station. Thus, it increases transmission capacity of the pipeline. Compressor stations provide the necessary force for the gas to overcome friction so that the fluid can maintain the rate of flow and pressure. Compressor Station Design and Layout Designers must consider several factors for compressor stations. Selection Selection of materials must consider standard specifications for safety, performance, and life of the system. Control Systems The compressor station has four levels of control systems. Supervisory Station Driver and driven components Auxiliary control systems Safety of the Compressor Station Operators must consider safety concerns related to fire detection equipment, gas leakages, and safety of the relief valves. Layout The layout of the compressor station consists of the following. Scrubbers that stop fluid from entering the compressor Blow down valves and relief systems By-pass lines Cooler to control temperature of the gas and discharge temperatures The designers also consider the following factors for the entire compressor station. The size of the compressor and its drivers and driving components Climatic conditions of the area in which the pipeline section lies Accessibility of support services Accountability for regulatory requirements involving safety and environmental concerns Human occupancy Designers may build the station using different techniques involving series, parallel, or a combination of these approaches ( Mokhatab, Santos and Cleveland, 2007). Operation Compressor stations rely on automatic processes for their operation. Consequently, there are only minimal human interventions. In this case, facility operators must ensure maximum adherence to manufactures’ safety and operational requirements. However, operation activities of the st ation must consider load of the fluid (Kurz, Lubomirsky and Klaus, 2012). Operators must engage in continuous monitoring of the station, regulate the mixing activities at the compressor, and ensure efficiency of the system. They must also keep data in every station. The control systems also have capabilities of remote control of shut-off valves. However, the sensitive areas require ESD controller (emergency shutdown). This is useful for controlling valves and enabling timely reactions to cases of fire or gas detection. Operators must also note that the main control systems may experience outage due to maintenance or failure. Thus, the system must be under constant surveillance. Compressor station has three types of shutdown. Unit shutdown restartable (USR) reacts in cases where there are low suction or high temperature, pressure, speed, and high pressure of discharge. Unit shutdown lockout (USL) shows that the station has a mechanical problem from failure of the lube components, hi gh vibration, and temperature. Emergency shutdown is applicable in cases where stations compromise safety of the people. This may result from fire or gas detection. Customer emergency shutdown (ESD) results from failure of the seal components and value failures. Maintenance Compressor stations must have a regular monitoring and major changes to their components. Maintenance ensures that the station is safe, works well, and achieves long life. Maintenance of the station must focus on the following areas. General cleanliness of the structure and ground of the station Monitoring of valves and piping of the station Monitoring gas cooler sensors to ensure efficiency Ensuring safety of equipment such as fire extinguishers, fire and gas detection systems, first aid materials, and other protective gears Ensuring regular maintenance of tanks because of their components of solid sludge There should also be regular maintenance of the compressor engine to avoid failure of its blades Figure 4: Compressor station Conclusion Pipeline installation must ensure maximum safety of the people and the environment. This depends on the recommend materials, sizes, maintenance routines, and control of failures detected. At the same time, the design consideration of pipeline installation also ensures that the pipeline operates smoothly and remains safe to users and nearby facilities and people. Reference List Busby, L. (1999). Natural Gas in Non Technical Language. Pennwell: Institute of Gas Technology. Cloyde, C 2011, ‘Pig Trap Design and Assessment Considerations’, Pipeline and Gas Journal, vol. 238 no. 1, pp. 1-6. Cordell, J 2003, Pipeline Pigging Handbook, Clarion Technical Publishers, Houston, TX. Daniel Emerson 2011, Product Datasheet 2011, https://www.emerson.com/documents/automation/user-manual-models-762-763-765-766-gas-loaded-relief-back-pressure-valves-2-to-16-inch-en-55700.pdf Goodland, R 2005, Oil and Gas Pipelines Social and Environmental Impact Assessment , International Association of Impact Assessment, Fargo, ND. Kurz, R, Lubomirsky, M and Brun, K 2012, ‘Gas Compressor Station Economic Optimization’, nternational Journal of Rotating Machinery, vol. 2012, pp. 1-9. Mohitpour, M, Szabo, J and Hardeveld, T 2005, Pipeline operation maintenance: a practical approach, ASME Press, New York. Mokhatab, S, Santos, S and Cleveland, T 2007, ‘Compressor station design criteria’, Pipeline Gas Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-15. Tiratsoo, J 2007, Pipeline integrity. The Journal of Pipeline Engineering, vol. 6 no. 4, pp. 1-84. Tobin, J 2007 Natural Gas Compressor Stations on the Interstate Pipeline Network: Developments Since 1996, Energy Information Administration: Office of Oil and Gas, Washington, DC. This essay on Pipeline Installation Elements was written and submitted by user Gerardo Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Writing Essay In Third Person

Writing Essay In Third PersonYou can do so much with the writing essay, if you know where to begin and the trick is to start with a third person perspective. Here are some tips for writing essays in the third person.In this article, I will discuss the most effective way to give emphasis to your writing. Before beginning the essay, it is important to take note of the sentences, paragraphs, and paragraphs that follow. The key is to make sure that the style is consistent, the content is direct, and that the prose flows well. This is easy to do if you can write in the third person, which means that your writing will be in the present tense and, thus, look like an objective fact, not an opinion disguised as a fact.Third person's perspectives, also known as first-person perspectives, are excellent for telling a story, or about some event in the past. By following a logical sequence of events, they allow the writer to break up the story into different sections, each more interesting than th e one before it. But there are more uses for third person writing than just breaking up a story.Your second essay will be more effective if you begin with a third person. All the information can be set in a narrative, which makes the writing easier. To take advantage of this approach, start by talking about an incident in which you were involved. Then, in the third person, you can tell your personal perspective on the event.The first paragraph of your third person essay should always include a compelling reason why the reader should trust your opinion. The reason should not just be a personal belief. Rather, it should be based on what you know about the event, and how you understand it.If your first paragraph starts off with a strong reason to trust your opinion, then that's enough. The reason will carry the essay, and, thus, it is important to establish the foundation of your third person viewpoint. For example, in the first paragraph of the third person essay, let's say you believ e that the event was orchestrated.A good way to establish this theme is to write about a person who witnessed the event, or described how the event transpired. You could even go as far as to interview someone who was not directly involved, but who heard about it from someone else. This will help you decide how to talk about the event.Take advantage of your third person perspective, and start with it, by describing the events in the first person, starting with your personal perspective. You can then build upon that first paragraph to begin your third person essay, using that first paragraph as a springboard. Let's say that you were just recently hired to work as a city park ranger, and you are following your gut feeling.

How to Solve Final Term Papers With MGT Tokens

How to Solve Final Term Papers With MGT TokensMGT tokens are no more the only solution to solve the final term. Now there is another popular product that is said to solve every student's paper. The best part is, it is free!MGT tokens is a famous paper which is not as good as the most famous paper you can find on the net. It solves all your final term problems in no time! This online product can help you solve all your most tricky paper without even thinking!All you have to do is to click on any website and read the MGT token solution. By reading it, you can easily solve the final term problems and get out of it with high grades. MGT token uses a comprehensive structure, that helps you get past the difficulties you have in solving the final term papers. However, it is a helpful solution to solve the final term problem but cannot be used for solving other final term problem.The use of MGT tokens should not be utilized for the use of final term papers. It is just a quick fix product whi ch helps you get through the first two term papers. Hence, it is highly recommended that you look at it with caution and avoid using it for final term papers.Besides that, you can also utilize the information given to you in the website to analyze the validity of the solutions given to you. If you get the overall quality of the online MGT token solution then you will realize how easy and effective it is.You will be able to use the information given by the MGT token solution for analyzing your paper problems and you will realize that you have been way off from solving those difficult problems. Moreover, it is a very simple solution for solving paper problems and that is the reason why you can say it is one of the best solutions that is available in the market today.For those who think MGT is a scam, they are totally wrong. It is a great product and if you use it properly, you will solve the paper problems with it!

Natural Resources essays

Natural Resources essays Yes, the planet will survive, just as it has for millions of years. And the debate over how to save it will also go on. But one thing is certain-we are destroying our natural resources faster than they can be replaced. It does not take a rocket scientist to figure out that this is a dangerous equation, an equation for disaster. The global population is increasing, and along with it the need for more food sources, cleaner water, and cheaper energy. To a poor man from a third world country who is simply trying to feed his family, the terms conservation or ecology do not mean much. He does not understand, much less care, that the yuppie upper-east-side Manhattanite who has laid out his coke lines in perfect little rows on his table made from mahogany that was harvested in razed rain forests somewhere in Malysia is contributing to the problem, by encouraging industry to pay the poor farmer a few dollars a day for years of irreversible damage to the forest. The poor farmer does not know that the forest floor he burned to plant crops to grow grain to feed cattle that are sold to packing companies to make the hamburger you or I bought yesterday at the fast-food restaurant is never going to be the same again, and is totally unsuitable for farming anyway. The time has come, and I agree with the article, to stop thinking about how to solve the problem on a global level and start thinking in terms of solving the problem at the local level, by encouraging the people who live in the affected areas to develop their own solutions, using the resources they have available to them. This is both more economical and feasible. Another idea might be to "rent" the rainforest, paying the countries involved in its destruction subsidies, much like a giant utility, thus discouraging the razing. I want my children's children, and their children, to see the world as I have seen it, before all the animals are gone and there is no clean water left, and ...

Business Communication Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Communication - Coursework Example Constant flow of information is involved in business communication and its integral part is feedback. Business communication plays an important role in the process of directing and controlling people in an organization. Moreover, there are a number of employees and hierarchy levels, so it is difficult to manage the organization (Guffey and Loewy 2010). Correlation between Motivation Levels of Staff: In the present competitive market, the difference between competitors is the excellence of employees. To develop and retain an organization’s human resources to gain a competitive advantage is one of the main elements in human resource literature (Lin 2007). A well-managed company is one in which the motivation level of employees is high; it increases productivity, improves performance, and reduces absence.. To retain and attract talented employees, it is important for managers to understand motivation according to their requirements. The lack of motivation occurs when there is a p roblem in one of these: unsatisfactory reward systems, inadequate performance appraisal system, and inability of manager to communicate reward and appraisal systems to employees appropriately (Lin 2007). Motivational lack occurs when there is weakness in one of these three relationships. The first relationship is an effort of employees with their performance. Managers must recognize the endeavor of employees if they have exerted extra effort in their work, and managers should give performance appraisal to them. However, in most cases employees believe that their effort will not be recognized and it could direct to lack of motivation. The second one is the relationship between performance of employees and organizational rewards. Managers make sure that if employees are given performance appraisal, then organizational rewards are also given to them (Lin 2007). Weak relationships emerge when employees are not given rewards on their good performance, and this can lead to lack of motivat ion. The third one is a relationship between rewards received and rewards desired. Many managers fail to realize the motivational effects of personal rewards and when this happens, motivation of employees suffers. This concludes that there is a correlation between motivational levels of staff, and it is important for the manager to understand the level of motivation that employees need to improve their performance (Lin 2007). Two Models of Communication: 1. Shannon-Weaver Model of the Communication Process: Shannon proposed a model in 1948, in which he breaks communication process into eight components. These eight components include source, message, transmitter, signal, channel, noise, receiver, and destination (Mortensen 1972). (Mortensen 1972) 2. Schramm’s Model of Communication: Wilbur Schramm proposed this model in 1954, in which he made changes in the Shannon Model. In this model, receiver and sender conceive encoding and decoding and provisions made for a two-way trans action of a message (Mortensen 1972). (Mortensen 1972) Comparison of Two Models: Both models are the most common communication models used in low-level texts of communication and they are known as revolutionary models in modern communication. Both these models are very basic communication models in which the main emphasis is on encoding, decoding, and different sources through which message communicated from one source to another. Different elements involved in sending and receiving communications are there in these two models, and functioning of each element is almost same in these models. These two models are extremely effective in

College Admissions Essay Guidebook by a Former Admissions Officer

College Admissions Essay Guidebook by a Former Admissions OfficerDo you know the difference between a college admissions essay guidebook and an admissions essay guidebook by a former admissions officer? It's quite simple and even though many colleges are using them for this purpose, it isn't easy to find them because it's almost like a hidden secret, which is why you're reading this.To be specific, when I say admissions essay guidebook, what I mean is a college admissions guidebook, which is what most students prefer because they don't want to spend all day on the internet searching for one. Plus, they don't like having to read hundreds of college admissions essays for free. To their mind, it's just too much work for a few minutes of their time.A college admissions essay guidebook by a former admissions officer, on the other hand, is one that costs you nothing, has all the information you need to write the essay, and will save you time, money, and energy. You won't have to write a pa per, you'll have it right in front of you. Plus, you'll get tips, strategies, and techniques that will help you write better essays with ease.Which is why it makes sense to check out admissions essay guidebooks for free. If you can't afford a guidebook, then you're still able to use one on the internet, which makes it easy to save some money.To make it even more confusing, though, you have to first find a college admissions essay guidebook by a former admissions officer and then find an online bookstore that sells it. It's important, though, to do your research so that you know that you're getting what you pay for.For example, if you spend your time searching for college admissions essay guidebook by a former admissions officer, you can easily waste hundreds of dollars. However, by searching the internet, you can find a college admissions essay guidebook by a former admissions officer for free, which will provide you with the exact same information you would have paid for and much m ore.Plus, you can also read other peoples' college admissions essay guidebook by Amazon reviews. What this means is that you can quickly find what you're looking for and you won't waste money at all.

Latin American religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Latin American religion - Essay Example African based religions in Central America include Santeria, Vondoo, Condomble, and others. The development of these religion dates back to the time when the Africans started arriving in Central American states.This was during the era of slave trade when they were brought to work in sugar plantation of the colonialist. There religion developed from a mixture of African culture of the slave who had settled in the sates. The early development of these religions was based on the need to have the Africans united in the foreign land. These realigns were based on the principle of truth, justice, righteousness, harmony, order and reciprocity. They were based on the need to have self sustainable and the notion of being self empowered in the foreign land. They had a sense of individual and communal appeal. The growth of these religions in Latin America could have followed amore direct root since most of them were prohibited. The prohibition of these religions made them stronger. They grew to be some of the most important sycretic religion in Latin America.Due to the prohibition of the practice of these religions, they did not make a nationals appeal but remained practice mainly by the individual African community that has started them. With time they came to be indentified with the Africans an identity that remains up to date. In light of this the national suppressing of these religions was different rand therefore they remained active in the country where they were more practiced. For example, Voodoo survived the religious assault in Cuba, Brazil, Dominic Republic and other part of Central America where it is practiced to date. Condobmle survived only in Brazil where it is practices up do date. Even up to date, there religions have remained racialized according to the community that started practicing them early. It was due to repression of these religion which made them stay limited to the African groups although there have been some degree of acceptance of the religion in the region. The process of nationalisation and acceptance of these religions have taken along time due to the confinement of the religion to the practicing communities alone. Judaism Judaism is the religion that has been spread to all parents of the world by the Jew. It is the main religion that has been carried out from Middle East to the whole world by the Jews. The coming of the religion in Latin America is associated with the coming of Jews in the region. They date back to the time when Christopher Columbus and his voyage reached America in 1492. There were around seven Jews who sailed with Columbus on the voyage. When the came to American they stated practising their religion which they have been carrying on with them to all parts of the world. They spread to Latin America where they established their religion in areas where they occupying. Like in other parts of the world where the Jews settled they have been able to keep their religion Jews has emerged to be one of the accepted religion in Central America although it has remained to be loyal to the Jews alone. It has remained exclusive practiced by Jews whoa re still living in Latin America. Judaism has been shown to be one of the religion that developed along tradition African religions in America having developed since 15th century to the 21st century and was likewise repressed and lacked a nationwide appeal for a long time. The process of nationalization of the Jewish religion has been slows like the other region. This has been based on the fact that Jews has reamed conservatively as a Jews religion alone and has been identified with the Jewish community alone. However it has remained to be one of the major religions in the region. Judaism was able to survive the spread of the catholic religion which was brought by the Spanish who discovered the land. Islam Islam has been one of the growing religions in the world in the recent past. It has been growing in number since it arrived in the region. Islam came